Summary
In Sanders, the defendant was convicted of the crime of aggravated battery (not resisting arrest) after he kicked Officer Cooper in the face while Officer Cooper was in the process of “effectuating an arrest” of the defendant's wife (who herself had just resisted arrest by biting another officer's thumb and then fleeing).
Summary of this case from Ames v. City of TempeOpinion
No. 19-16920
09-23-2021
Morgan SANDERS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CITY OF PITTSBURG; Thomas Bryan, Pittsburg Police Officer; Hulleman, Antioch Police Officer #5322; Hopwood, Antioch Police Officer #5235, Defendants-Appellees.
Stanley C. Goff (argued), San Francisco, California, for Plaintiff-Appellant. Noah G. Blechman (argued), McNamara Ney Beatty Slattery Borges & Ambacher LLP, Pleasant Hill, California, for Defendants-Appellees City of Pittsburg and Thomas Bryan. Kevin P. Allen (argued) and Dale L. Allen Jr., Allen Glaessner Hazelwood & Werth LLP, San Francisco, California, for Defendants-Appellees Hulleman and Hopwood.
Stanley C. Goff (argued), San Francisco, California, for Plaintiff-Appellant.
Noah G. Blechman (argued), McNamara Ney Beatty Slattery Borges & Ambacher LLP, Pleasant Hill, California, for Defendants-Appellees City of Pittsburg and Thomas Bryan.
Kevin P. Allen (argued) and Dale L. Allen Jr., Allen Glaessner Hazelwood & Werth LLP, San Francisco, California, for Defendants-Appellees Hulleman and Hopwood.
Before: J. Clifford Wallace, Bridget S. Bade, and Patrick J. Bumatay, Circuit Judges.
BUMATAY, Circuit Judge: After being spotted in a stolen car, Morgan Sanders fled from the police. He led them on a car chase. And then on a foot chase. An officer eventually caught up to Sanders. But he wasn't arrested quietly. He continued to struggle. A police officer then commanded a police dog to bite Sanders's leg. Sanders was finally subdued and charged with resisting arrest. As his case was working its way through the criminal justice system, Sanders filed a civil rights action alleging the use of the police dog was excessive force. The district court found his claims barred by Heck v. Humphrey , 512 U.S. 477, 114 S.Ct. 2364, 129 L.Ed.2d 383 (1994). We agree.
I.
In 2017, Sanders stole a car and fled from the police. The result was quite a chase: he sped 25 miles over the limit, ran several stoplights, and drove on the wrong side of the freeway. When police blocked the car, Sanders fled on foot. One of the officers, Officer Thomas Bryan, was working with a K-9 and warned Sanders that if he kept fleeing, he would "send the dog." Eventually, Sanders was tackled by several officers in a gully. In the ensuing scuffle, while Sanders continued to struggle, Officer Bryan ordered the dog to bite Sanders's right calf. After the bite, the officers successfully handcuffed and arrested Sanders.
Sanders was charged with, among other counts, misdemeanor resisting arrest under California Penal Code § 148(a)(1). At the preliminary hearing, Officer Bryan testified that Sanders hindered efforts to arrest him by "first fleeing in the vehicle, then fleeing on foot, and then resisting officers attempting to arrest him." The officer further testified that when he approached Sanders in the gully, "[he] could see that his legs were free, being that both Antioch cops were trying to apprehend one arm each, at which point in time [he] applied what is commonly referred to as a contact bite to the defendant's right calf." Several months later, Sanders pleaded no contest to all the charges against him, including the violation of § 148(a)(1). At the plea hearing, Sanders stipulated that the factual basis for his plea "is based on the preliminary hearing transcript."
While Sanders's criminal case was pending, he filed an action alleging a violation of his Fourth Amendment rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Specifically, he alleged Officer Bryan's use of the police dog was excessive. Sanders also sued the other officers at the scene and the City of Pittsburg. The City and officers jointly moved to dismiss Sanders's complaint. The district court granted the motion, holding that Heck barred his claim against Officer Bryan and the claims against the other officers and the City failed as a result.
Sanders appealed to this court. We review Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) dismissals de novo. Daniels-Hall v. Nat'l Educ. Ass'n , 629 F.3d 992, 998 (9th Cir. 2010).
II.
To avoid what's called the Heck bar on an excessive-force claim, a plaintiff must not imply an officer acted unlawfully during the events that form the basis of a resisting-arrest conviction under California Penal Code § 148(a). Smith v. City of Hemet , 394 F.3d 689, 695 (9th Cir. 2005) (analyzing the Heck bar for a § 148(a) conviction). Under Heck , a § 1983 claim must be dismissed if "a judgment in favor of the plaintiff would necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction or sentence," unless the conviction or sentence has already been invalidated. Heck , 512 U.S. at 487, 114 S.Ct. 2364. Thus, Heck bars a plaintiff's action if it would negate an element of the offense, Smith , 394 F.3d at 695, or allege facts inconsistent with the plaintiff's conviction, Beets v. Cnty. of Los Angeles , 669 F.3d 1038, 1046 (9th Cir. 2012). By preventing collateral attacks on convictions by way of civil actions, the Heck bar furthers the principles of finality and consistency. Heck , 512 U.S. at 484–85, 114 S.Ct. 2364.
Here, Sanders was charged with resisting arrest under § 148(a)(1), which prohibits "resist[ing], delay[ing], or obstruct[ing]" a police officer during the discharge of his duties. Under California law, a conviction under this statute requires that the defendant's obstructive acts occur while the officer is engaging in "the lawful exercise of his duties." Smith , 394 F.3d at 695. The use of excessive force by an officer is not within the performance of the officer's duty. Id. Thus, the "lawfulness of the officer's conduct" is necessarily established as a result of a conviction under § 148(a)(1). Hooper v. Cnty. of San Diego , 629 F.3d 1127, 1130 (9th Cir. 2011). In other words, a defendant can't be convicted under § 148(a)(1) if an officer used excessive force at the time of the acts resulting in the conviction.
Consequently, an excessive force claim can't survive the Heck bar if it's predicated on allegedly unlawful actions by the officer at the same time as the plaintiff's conduct that resulted in his § 148(a)(1) conviction. See Smith , 394 F.3d at 695. Such an allegation would undermine the validity of the § 148(a)(1) conviction. On the other hand, if the alleged excessive force occurred before or after the acts that form the basis of the § 148(a) violation, even if part of one continuous transaction, the § 1983 claim doesn't "necessarily imply the invalidity of [a] criminal conviction under § 148(a)(1)." Id. at 696 ; Hooper , 629 F.3d at 1134.
Sanders contends that his claim is not Heck -barred because his conviction could have been based on his fleeing officers prior to his arrest in the gully. Under that theory, success on his § 1983 claim would leave the conviction undisturbed since his act of resistance occurred before the dog bite and arrest. Sanders relies primarily on Hooper , which held that resisting arrest "does not lose its character as a violation of § 148(a)(1) if, at some other time during that same ‘continuous transaction,’ the officer uses excessive force or otherwise acts unlawfully." 629 F.3d at 1132 (quoting Yount v. City of Sacramento , 43 Cal. 4th 885, 901, 76 Cal.Rptr.3d 787, 183 P.3d 471 (2008) ).
But Hooper ’s holding does not help Sanders. In that case, Hooper engaged in multiple obstructive acts in one continuous transaction, but there was a clear delineation between lawful and unlawful police action. Hooper had first jerked her hand away from an officer trying to place her under arrest. Id. at 1129. She and the officer then struggled on the ground as the officer tried to get Hooper's hands behind her back. Id. What followed was disputed, but Hooper claimed that, after she stopped resisting, the officer directed his K-9 to bite her on the head. Id. Hooper pleaded guilty to resisting arrest under § 148(a)(1) and later filed a § 1983 excessive force claim based on the dog bite. Id.
Importantly, the record was silent on which act or acts formed the basis of her conviction. Thus, for purposes of summary judgment, we accepted Hooper's contention that she had stopped resisting by the time of the dog bite. As a result, we could divide Hooper's arrest into separate "factual contexts": the lawful police action during the initial arrest attempt and struggle on the ground, and the unlawful police action when the officer ordered the dog bite. Id. at 1132–33. We allowed Hooper's excessive force claim to proceed because Heck is no impediment "when the conviction and the § 1983 claim are based on different actions during ‘one continuous transaction.’ " Id. at 1134. Hooper's § 1983 action could separately target one action—the allegedly unlawful dog bite—without disturbing the § 148(a)(1) conviction. Accordingly, Hooper merely holds that Heck presents no bar to an excessive force claim when an officer's allegedly unlawful action can be separated from the lawful actions that formed the basis of the § 148(a)(1) conviction, even if they occurred during one continuous transaction.
Here, we cannot separate out which of Sanders's obstructive acts led to his conviction since all of them did. As part of his guilty plea, Sanders stipulated that the factual basis for his conviction encompassed the three instances of resistance identified in the preliminary hearing transcript. Specifically, Officer Bryan testified that he ordered his dog to bite Sanders's right calf as he observed other officers struggling to apprehend Sanders's arms in the gully. So unlike Hooper , the dog bite in this case is unquestionably part of the actions that formed the basis of Sanders's conviction. Under these facts, there is no way to carve out the dog bite from the § 148(a)(1) conviction without "necessarily imply[ing]" that the conviction was invalid. Heck , 512 U.S. at 487, 114 S.Ct. 2364. Because the dog bite was part of the § 148(a)(1) conviction's factual basis, it was necessarily lawful for purposes of the Heck analysis.
And while Hooper held that a continuous transaction can be broken into "different actions" for purposes of a § 1983 action, it did not suggest we may slice up the factual basis of a § 148(a)(1) conviction to avoid the Heck bar. On the contrary, Yount —the case relied on by Hooper —specifically rejected this argument. In Yount , a § 1983 plaintiff attempted to avoid Heck by arguing that his § 148(a)(1) conviction could stand on any of his multiple acts of resistance, and "so long as one act of resistance remains undisturbed to support the criminal conviction, it is immaterial that success on the section 1983 claim might be inconsistent with other facts that supported the criminal conviction." Yount , 43 Cal. 4th at 896, 76 Cal.Rptr.3d 787, 183 P.3d 471. But the court soundly rejected that contention: "Yount's conviction established his culpability during the entire episode with the four officers, and any civil rights claim that is inconsistent with even a portion of that conviction is barred because it would necessarily imply the invalidity of that part of the conviction." Id. (emphasis added). Accordingly, Yount found that the factual basis of a § 148(a)(1) conviction encompassing multiple acts is indivisible for purposes of avoiding a Heck bar. Id. at 895–96, 76 Cal.Rptr.3d 787, 183 P.3d 471.
The Yount trial court established the factual basis for Yount's conviction by hearing testimony from eyewitnesses and taking judicial notice of documents from the criminal proceeding. Yount , 43 Cal. 4th at 892, 76 Cal.Rptr.3d 787, 183 P.3d 471.
We follow the California Supreme Court's interpretation of § 148(a)(1), see Hooper , 629 F.3d at 1132, and adopt its approach. Indeed, we have previously held that a jury conviction for § 148(a)(1) based on multiple acts of resistance necessarily means that "officers’ actions throughout the whole course of the defendant's conduct" was necessarily found lawful and any action alleging excessive force based on those actions would be Heck - barred. Smith , 394 F.3d at 699 n.5. Similarly, Heck bars any § 1983 claim alleging excessive force based on an act or acts constituting any part of the factual basis of a § 148(a)(1) conviction.
In sum, we hold that Sanders cannot stipulate to the lawfulness of the dog bite as part of his § 148(a)(1) guilty plea and then use the "very same act" to allege an excessive force claim under § 1983. Id. Success on such a claim would "necessarily imply" that his conviction was invalid. Heck , 512 U.S. at 487, 114 S.Ct. 2364. Sanders's claim against Officer Bryan is, therefore, barred under Heck .
At oral argument, Sanders argued for the first time that Officer Bryan ordered a further dog bite after he was handcuffed by the other officers. Sanders's complaint fails to allege any dog bite or continued dog bite after he was handcuffed. Because this specific contention was not raised in briefing or his complaint and the City and officers had no meaningful opportunity to respond to the new allegation, we treat this argument as waived. Wood v. Hall , 130 F.3d 373, 377 (9th Cir. 1997) ("Arguments raised for the first time at oral argument are generally waived."). We also affirm the dismissal of Sanders's remaining claims for integral participation, failure to intervene, and Monell liability. Although the district court dismissed the claims because they were predicated on the Heck -barred claim, Sanders neglected to raise those claims on appeal. See United States v. Kama , 394 F.3d 1236, 1238 (9th Cir. 2005) ("Generally, an issue is waived when the appellant does not specifically and distinctly argue the issue in his or her opening brief.").
III.
The factual basis for Sanders's plea was based on multiple acts of resisting arrest, including his struggle with officers when the K-9 bit him. Because a favorable judgment on his § 1983 claim would necessarily call into question the validity of his conviction, we affirm the dismissal of his claims.
AFFIRMED .