Summary
holding that the Miranda rights do not apply to taking tests under the implied-consent statute
Summary of this case from Blackwell v. StateOpinion
No. CR 86-11
Opinion delivered February 18, 1986
1. APPEAL ERROR — SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE — STANDARD OF REVIEW. — On appeal, the appellate court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the appellee and sustains the conviction if there is any substantial evidence to support it. 2. AUTOMOBILES — DWI — POLICE MUST INFORM SUSPECT THAT MIRANDA RIGHTS ARE NOT APPLICABLE TO DECISION OF WHETHER TO TAKE BREATHALYZER TEST. — Where a Miranda warning is given to a person who is accused of driving while intoxicated, and, at the same time, the implied consent law is explained to him, the police officers must explicitly inform the suspect that the Miranda rights are not applicable to the decision of whether or not to take a breathalyzer test. 3. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — MIRANDA RIGHTS INAPPLICABLE UNDER IMPLIED CONSENT LAW — DWI SUSPECT HAS NO RIGHT TO CONTACT AN ATTORNEY BEFORE DECIDING WHETHER TO TAKE BLOOD-ALCOHOL TEST. — Miranda rights include the right to remain silent, the right to consult with an attorney and the right to have an attorney present during questioning, but the rights do not apply with respect to taking tests under the implied consent statute; e.g., an accused does not have the right to contact an attorney before taking, or refusing to take, a blood-alcohol test. 4. AUTOMOBILES — DWI — NOT NECESSARY TO GIVE MIRANDA WARNINGS TO PERSON ARRESTED FOR DWI — EFFECT. — In general, it is not necessary to give the Miranda warnings in connection with DWI arrests, but if the state attempts to introduce proof obtained from the defendant under questioning, it cannot do so unless the warnings have been given. 5. AUTOMOBILES — DWI — SUSPECT MAY REFUSE TO TAKE BLOOD-ALCOHOL TEST UNDER IMPLIED CONSENT LAW — REFUSAL TO TAKE TEST RESULTS IN SEIZURE OF DRIVER'S LICENSE. — Rights under the implied consent law include the right to refuse to take the blood-alcohol test, but refusal results in the seizure of the driver's license, and may result in the revocation of driving privileges for a period of six months to one year. [Ark. Stat. Ann. 75-1045 (Supp. 1985).] 6. AUTOMOBILES — DWI LAW — LEGISLATIVE INTENT — NECESSITY THAT OFFICERS EXPLICITLY INFORM SUSPECT THAT MIRANDA RIGHTS, IF GIVEN, DO NOT APPLY TO WHETHER TO TAKE BLOOD-ALCOHOL TEST. — The legislature intended that a suspect fully understand the consequences of refusing to take a blood-alcohol test before making a decision; therefore, when Miranda rights are given in connection with an explanation of the implied consent law, police officers must explicitly inform the suspect that the Miranda rights do not apply to the question of whether or not to take the test, and, if the officers do not do so, then the suspect should not be held accountable for a refusal to take the test because of the inherent confusion caused by reading the two sets of rights together.
Appeal from Pulaski Circuit Court, Fifth Division; Jack Lessenberry, Judge; affirmed in part and reversed in part.
Fuchs Villines, by: Kenneth G. Fuchs, for appellant.
Steve Clark, Atty Gen., by: Theodore Holder, Asst. Atty Gen., for appellee.
Appellant, Carleton C. Wright, Jr., was charged with driving while intoxicated and refusing to take a breathalyzer test. He was found guilty and sentenced for driving while intoxicated, and his driver's license was suspended for refusing to take a breathalyzer test. We affirm the conviction for driving while intoxicated but reverse the judgment suspending his driver's license for refusing to take a breathalyzer test.
There is substantial evidence to support the charge of driving while intoxicated. Dorothy Waters, a trooper, testified that she watched appellant's car on Interstate 40, and it was weaving. She started to follow appellant and, as they approached an overpass she watched his vehicle go off the road to the right and almost strike a guard rail on the bridge. She followed the vehicle for approximately two more miles and saw it run off the side of the road several times.
She stopped the car and noticed that appellant had an extremely heavy odor of alcoholic beverage about his person. He told her that he had been to a Christmas party and was returning home. She conducted field sobriety tests on him and reported that he performed "fair" on the alphabet test and "poor" on the finger dexterity test. She stated that he was argumentative and showed obvious signs of intoxication. In her opinion, he was under the influence of alcoholic beverages. She placed appellant under arrest for driving while intoxicated and took him to Northside detention in the North Little Rock Police Department.
Appellant contends that there was insufficient evidence to find him guilty of driving while intoxicated. On appeal, we view the evidence most favorable to the appellee and sustain the conviction if there is any substantial evidence to support it. Roberts v. State, 287 Ark. 451, 701 S.W.2d 112 (1985). There is substantial evidence to support the conviction for driving while intoxicated.
When Trooper Waters and appellant arrived at the detention center they were met by a North Little Rock officer, Al Shultz, who advised appellant of his Miranda rights and his rights under the implied consent law, Ark. Stat. Ann. 75-1045 (Supp. 1985). The warnings were contained in a form that Officer Shultz had personally devised. The Miranda warnings included the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney. At the bottom of the Miranda section of the form there is a blank for a signature if the accused desires to waive his rights against self-incrimination. Appellant stated that he did not want to waive his rights and was instructed to write the word "refused" on the form. The form then explains the implied consent law, 75-1045. At no place in the "warnings" is it made clear that the right to counsel and the right against self-incrimination have no application whatsoever under the implied consent statute.
Following the implied consent explanation, the form has three questions. The first asks if the person understands all of the rights. Appellant marked "yes." The second question asks if the person is going to take the test. Appellant left this question blank. The third question asks if the person desires an additional test. This question was also left blank. At the bottom of the section dealing with 75-1045 there is a signature line. Appellant wrote the word "refused" again.
When Officer Shultz asked appellant if he would take the breathalyzer test, appellant told him that he felt he should contact an attorney and talk with him before taking a test. Officer Shultz directed him to a pay phone, but there was no answer at his attorney's residence. Appellant told the officer that he wanted to wait and talk with his attorney. Shultz told him to try to phone again. Appellant did, but there was still no answer. Trooper Waters wrote out the tickets and appellant was placed in jail.
This case presents a question of first impression in Arkansas. There are, however, cases from other jurisdictions which come down on both sides of the issue. We think the better reasoned approach is that if a Miranda warning is given in connection with an explanation of the implied consent law, the police officers must explicitly inform the suspect that the Miranda rights are not applicable to the decision of whether or not to take the test. Swan v. Department of Public Safety, 311 So.2d 498 (La.App. 1975); Calvert v. State Department of Revenue, Motor Vehicle Division, 184 Colo. 214, 519 P.2d 341 (1974); and Wiseman v. Sullivan, 190 Neb. 724, 211 N.W.2d 906 (1973).
[3-5] The reason is simple. Miranda rights include the right to remain silent, the right to consult with an attorney and the right to have an attorney present during questioning. In general it is not necessary to give the Miranda warnings in connection with DWI arrests. But If the state attempts to introduce proof obtained from the defendant under questioning, it cannot do so unless the warnings have been given. Weatherford v. State, 286 Ark. 376, 692 S.W.2d 605 (1985). The rights do not apply, however, with respect to taking tests under the implied consent statute. For example, an accused does not have the right to contact an attorney before taking, or refusing to take, the test. Rights under the implied consent law include the right to refuse to take the test, but refusal results in the seizure of the driver's license, and may result in the revocation of driving privileges for a period of six months to one year. Ark. Stat. Ann. 75-1045 (Supp. 1985).
It is easy to understand how confusion can result when the two sets of rights are read together. In addition, in the instant case appellant was given two opportunities to try to reach his attorney, which would tend to confirm his mistaken notion that he had a right to consult with his attorney before deciding whether or not to take the test. Yet, the legislature intended that a suspect fully understand the consequences of refusing to take the test before making a decision. Therefore, when Miranda rights are given in connection with an explanation of the implied consent law, police officers must explicitly inform the suspect that the Miranda rights do not apply to the decision of whether or not to take the test. If the officers do not do so, then the suspect should not be held accountable for a refusal to take the test because of the inherent confusion caused by reading the two sets of rights together.
Affirmed in part; reversed in part.
PURTLE, J., not participating.