Opinion
Docket Nos. 174786, 174787.
Submitted April 11, 1996, at Lansing.
Decided January 7, 1997, at 9:00 A.M. Leave to appeal sought.
Clark Shanahan (by Victoria V. Kremski), for Donald Weekley.
Terrance P. Dignan, for Donald Jameson and Alberta Jameson.
Terence J. O'Neill, for Pioneer Mutual Insurance Company.
In these consolidated cases, Pioneer State Mutual Insurance Company appeals as of right from an order granting summary dispositions for Donald Weekley and for Donald Jameson pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). We reverse.
Donald Weekley, who was born in 1971, brought a tort action alleging that his father, Donald Jameson, repeatedly sexually molested him during the years 1983 to 1986. The complaint sought damages for psychological harm. At the time he assaulted his son, Jameson, who suffered a closed head injury in 1978, was living with his mother, Alberta Jameson. Pioneer was Alberta Jameson's homeowner's insurer. Jameson's attorney tendered Weekley's lawsuit to Pioneer to defend under the policy. Pioneer denied coverage and refused to undertake the defense of the matter.
Weekley's action against Jameson was tried in a bench trial. The court found that Jameson had committed fellatio on his son somewhere between twenty-eight and eighty times between 1980 and 1984, and that Weekley had suffered severe emotional injuries as a result. The court further found that Jameson lacked the mental capacity to control his conduct or to comprehend the effect that his sexual misconduct would have on his son and that he did not intend to injure the youth. Weekley was awarded $150,000 in damages. He then obtained a writ of garnishment against Pioneer.
Pioneer subsequently filed a declaratory judgment action seeking a determination that it had no duty to indemnify Donald Jameson. Pioneer's policy excluded coverage for "bodily injury or property damage which is either expected or intended from the standpoint of the insured." The court concluded that this clause did not preclude coverage for Jameson's acts and therefore granted summary disposition in favor of Jameson and Weekley. In reaching this result, the court decided that Jameson had inflicted "bodily injury" upon his son, but that it was impossible to infer that he intended to harm the youth because the court in the underlying suit specifically found that he had not intended or expected to do so. The court, however, capped Pioneer's liability at $100,000, the policy limit for a covered "occurrence," by treating Jameson's sexual misconduct as a single occurrence rather than multiple occurrences under the policy.
A prior policy issued by Pioneer in effect from December 11, 1978, to December 11, 1981, did not contain an intentional-acts exclusion. However, as noted by the trial court, because Weekley's complaint in the underlying tort action alleged that Jameson's sexual assaults began in 1983, Pioneer was not put on notice that there may have been an occurrence covered by the 1978-1981 policy. Accordingly, Pioneer had no duty to defend or indemnify under that policy.
Although the parties raise a number of issues on appeal, we find one to be determinative. We agree with Pioneer that coverage for Jameson's acts was excluded under the policy because, assuming that Weekley suffered bodily injury as a result of those acts, the injury was intended by Jameson as a matter of law.
For purposes of civil liability insurance, courts should infer the intent to injure as a matter of law when an adult sexually assaults a child. Fire Ins Exchange v Diehl, 450 Mich. 678, 689-690; 545 N.W.2d 602 (1996), and cases cited therein; State Mutual Ins Co v Russell, 185 Mich. App. 521; 462 N.W.2d 785 (1990). See also Linebaugh v Berdish, 144 Mich. App. 750, 762; 376 N.W.2d 400 (1985), and Auto-Owners Ins Co v Gardipey, 173 Mich. App. 711, 714-715; 434 N.W.2d 220 (1988). This inference is not based on contract interpretation, Diehl, supra, p 689, n 3, but on public policy:
Generally, [the] courts reason that the inference of the intent to injure should be applied because the act of child molestation is inherently harmful. B B v Continental Ins Co, 8 F.3d 1288, 1293 (CA 8, 1993).
"The [inferred-intent] approach . . . stands for the proposition that a person who sexually manipulates a minor cannot expect his insurer to cover his misconduct and cannot obtain such coverage simply by saying that he did not mean any harm. The courts following the majority approach have concluded that sexual misconduct with a minor is objectively so substantially certain to result in harm to the minor victim, that the perpetrator cannot be allowed to escape society's determination that he or she is expected to know that. Hence, these courts infer the intent to harm as a matter of law in sexual misconduct liability insurance cases involving minors." [ Id., quoting Whitt v DeLeu, 707 F. Supp. 1011, 1016 (WD Wis, 1989).] [ Diehl, supra, pp 689-690, n 4.]
We are of the opinion that the intent to injure should also be inferred as a matter of law where, as here, an adult with a diminished mental capacity sexually assaults a minor. Under the inferred-intent approach adopted by our Supreme Court in Diehl, supra, where the victim of an adult's sexual misconduct is a minor, the actor's capacity to know the wrongfulness of his acts is immaterial, and it is also immaterial that the actual injury caused is of a different character or magnitude from that intended. Whitt, supra, p 1015. See also Fire Ins Exchange v Abbott, 204 Cal.App.3d 1012; 251 Cal.Rptr. 620 (1988); Allstate Ins Co v Jarvis, 195 Ga. App. 335; 393 S.E.2d 489 (1990). Prior cases of this Court are in accord. In Russell, supra, pp 527-528, for example, this Court held the insured child molester's "characterization of his acts as impulsive and the product of an illness to be of no moment," because the characterization did "not detract from the inference of harmful intent." Similarly, in Gardipey, supra, p 712, a blood disorder had "progressively affected [the abuser's] mental capacity and ha[d] caused significant changes in his character." This Court nevertheless concluded that the inference, that as a matter of law child sexual abuse by an adult involves an intent to injure, remained applicable.
In this case, no one asserts that Jameson was unaware of the nature of his conduct at the time he sexually abused Weekley. As a matter of law, his intent to injure will be inferred, Diehl, supra, and the trial court's finding of mental infirmity does not affect that inference, Whitt, supra. Compare Miller v Farm Bureau Mutual Ins Co, 218 Mich. App. 221; 553 N.W.2d 371 (1996); Auto-Owners Ins Co v Churchman, 440 Mich. 560; 489 N.W.2d 431 (1992). As noted in Diehl, supra, p 689, n 4, quoting B B v Continental Ins Co, supra, an adult who sexually abuses a minor cannot obtain insurance coverage "simply by saying that he did not mean any harm." Accordingly, we reverse the order of the trial court requiring Pioneer to indemnify Jameson.
Weekley argues that, by failing to raise the issue in its letter to Jameson denying coverage, Pioneer waived the contention that the intent to injure must be inferred as a matter of law. We disagree. It is true that where a liability insurer notifies an insured of denial of coverage on a specific basis, the insurer may be estopped from alleging additional bases for noncoverage at a later time. Lee v Evergreen Regency Cooperative, 151 Mich. App. 281, 285; 390 N.W.2d 183 (1986). However, the rule is inapplicable to the circumstances of this case because it may not be used to create liability contrary to the express provisions of the parties' contract. Id., pp 285-288. Here, Pioneer did not insure against the intentional acts of its insured. An insurer should not be required by waiver and estoppel to pay a loss for which it charged no premium. Id. Moreover, under St Paul Ins Co v Bischoff, 150 Mich. App. 609, 613; 389 N.W.2d 443 (1986), Pioneer did not abandon the issue of Jameson's inferred intent to harm Weekley by failing to reserve its rights to contest coverage.
Our disposition of the above issues makes it unnecessary to address the parties' remaining claims.
Reversed.
SAAD, J., concurred.
I respectfully dissent. The trial judge, sitting as the factfinder at trial, found that Donald Jameson lacked the mental capacity to control his conduct or to understand the differences between right and wrong, that he could not comprehend the effect that his sexual conduct would have on his son, and that he did not intend to injury Weekley. This "insanity" was the result of a severe head injury that Jameson suffered in 1978. It would be illogical, unsound, and just plain wrong to hold that under the civil law of this state Jameson can be found to have intended his acts in the face of such factual findings.
The majority misreads Fire Ins Exchange v Diehl, 450 Mich. 678, 689-690; 545 N.W.2d 602 (1996). Diehl does not stand for the proposition that just because a person has reached an age sufficient to be termed an "adult," the person is responsible for the person's acts regardless of the person's mental capacity or competency. The Diehl Court states that "where an adult sexually assaults a child" the intent to injure may be inferred as a matter of law. The Court goes on to say that where a child is the assailant, the intent to injure should not be inferred as a matter of law. Id. This would also apply to a person of adult age but with the mentality of a child.
I disagree that the "intent to injure" should be, or can be, inferred as a matter of law where there have been factual findings such as those the trial judge made in this case. This is not just "an adult with a diminished mental capacity." Here, Jameson was not only "insane" within Michigan's criminal statutory definition of insanity, but he was of such mental incapacity that he could not intend or expect to cause an injury. This is much more than "simply saying that he did not mean any harm.
This is not contrary to Auto-Owners Ins Co v Churchman, 440 Mich. 560; 489 N.W.2d 431 (1992). In Churchman, the assailant was not being treated for any mental illness or incapacity, and the trial judge made no finding that Mr. Frost (the assailant) did not have the necessary intent to kill. The Court determined:
While Mr. Frost may not have been criminally liable for his acts, he was capable of foreseeing their consequences and understanding what he was doing, i.e., ending another human being's life. [ Id. at 568.]
Here, the trial court, after a trial, made the opposite determination and found Jameson did not intend to injure Weekley.
There is no inequity to this result, and no evidence that this would require the insurer to pay for a loss for which it charged no premium. Jameson received a severe head injury in 1978, which caused him to become insane. Unfortunately, people in society are injured sometimes and sometimes these injuries cause mental incapacity and mental illnesses, which can cause some of these mentally impaired people to harm other people. The frequency and certainty of this occurring is an actuarial calculation and a part of the cost of every insurance policy.
In addition, as the Court explained in Diehl, supra at 688 a policyholder reading the intentional-acts exclusion would reasonably expect that a severely mentally incapacitated person in the household would not be judged by an objective adult standard.
I would affirm.