Opinion
Case No. CV 13-01934 DDP (AJWx)
05-22-2014
VICTORIA URENIA, an individual; SOLEDAD CORONA, an individual, Plaintiffs, v. PUBLIC STORAGE, a real estate investment trust; CITY OF LOS ANGELES, a governmental entity; BANK OF AMERICA, N.A.; MICHAEL ANZ, Defendants.
ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND
DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS BANK
OF AMERICA, N.A., PUBLIC STORAGE,
AND MICHAEL ANZ'S MOTION TO
DISMISS PLAINTIFFS' COMPLAINT
[DKT. NO. 25]
Presently before the Court is Defendants Bank of America, N.A., Public Storage, and Michael Anz's motion to dismiss Plaintiffs' complaint (the "Motion"). (Docket No. 25.) For the reasons stated in this Order, the Motion is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. I. Background
Defendants include a variety of factual statements in their Motion. To the extent that those facts are supported by judicially noticeable documents, the Court shall take those facts into account in ruling on the Motion. Otherwise, such facts shall not be considered in determining the sufficiency of Plaintiffs' pleadings. Plaintiffs also include alleged facts in their opposition to the Motion that were not included in the Complaint. Such facts shall not be considered in ruling on the Motion.
Plaintiffs Victoria Urenia and Soledad Corona ("Plaintiffs") bring this class action complaint against Bank of America, N.A., Public Storage, Michael Anz, and the City of Los Angeles (collectively, "Defendants"). Bank of America, Public Storage, and Anz (collectively, "Private Defendants") have filed this Motion, while City of Los Angeles has filed an answer and has not sought dismissal of this action. (Docket No. 28.) Plaintiffs failed to timely file an opposition to the Motion, but later filed an ex parte application to allow them to file a late opposition. (Docket No. 41.) The Court granted the ex parte application (Docket No. 45), and now the Motion has been fully briefed by the parties.
Plaintiff Corona was the owner of the real property located at 2200 Daly Street, Los Angeles, California 90031 (the "Property"). (Complaint, Docket No. 1, ¶ 3.) Plaintiff Urenia is the daughter of Ms. Corona. (Id. ¶ 2.) In 2009, Plaintiffs allege that Bank of America foreclosed on the Property while Ms. Corona was in the middle of a loan modification, in violation of HUD regulations. (Id. ¶¶ 24-25, 27.) A Notice of Trustee's Sale was recorded on October 29, 2009, and Bank of America obtained title to the Property on December 14, 2009. (Id. ¶¶ 26, 28.) Bank of America obtained a judgment for possession through an unlawful detainer action against Ms. Corona in 2010. (Id. ¶ 30.) However, Plaintiffs allege that Bank of America did not obtain actual possession of the Property at that time. (Id. ¶ 31.)
Though Plaintiffs do not allege facts indicating as much, it appears that Plaintiffs filed an action in state court for breach of contract relating to alleged failures to properly conduct the loan modification process. That action was dismissed for failure to state a claim, and the dismissal was affirmed on appeal.
In April 2012, Ms. Corona joined Occupy Fights Foreclosures ("OFF"), an offshoot of the larger Occupy movement. (Id. ¶ 32.) On December 6, 2012, Plaintiffs received a Notice to Vacate, which required them to vacate the Property no later than December 11, 2012. (Id. ¶ 35.) On December 13, 2012, the Los Angeles County Sheriffs locked Plaintiffs out of the Property. (Id. ¶ 37.) Plaintiffs allege that the Sheriffs Department allowed them to return to the Property on December 23, 2012. (Id. ¶ 38.) During the time period when Plaintiffs were locked out of the Property, OFF members had set up tents in the front yard in protest. (Id. ¶ 39.)
Bank of America called the Los Angeles Police Department ("LAPD") on January 18, 2013 and demanded that the locks be changed and all persons evicted from the Property. (Id. ¶ 41.) LAPD allegedly went to the Property, forced Ms. Urenia out of the Property, changed the locks, and erected a chicken-wire fence around the Property. (Id. ¶¶ 94-95.) LAPD allegedly refused to allow Plaintiffs to obtain their personal belongings from the Property and threatened arrest if Plaintiffs returned. (Id. ¶¶ 42, 97.) Plaintiffs allege that on January 22, 2013, they returned to the Property to find Michael Anz, a Bank of America representative, loading their personal property onto a moving truck. (Id. ¶¶ 100- 02.) Plaintiffs allege that they were allowed only one hour to pack as many of their belongings as they could because OFF was holding a candlelight vigil at the Property that evening. (Id. ¶¶ 103-04.)
The alleged timeline of the events following LAPD locking Plaintiffs out of the Property is not entirely clear, especially with regard to how many times and on what dates Ms. Corona alleges that she spoke with Michael Anz and/or Public Storage to attempt to get her belongings returned to her. The exact dates on which these events happened do not appear to be significant.
On February 28, 2013, Michael Anz allegedly took Plaintiffs' personal belongings from the Property. (Id. ¶ 43.) Ms. Corona asked whether she could have her personal belongings, but various Defendants refused. (Id. ¶¶ 44-46.) Plaintiffs later learned that their belongings had been taken to a Public Storage facility located at 4009 Mission Road, Los Angeles, California. (Id. ¶ 47.) Public Storage allegedly refused to turn over their belongings, saying that they belonged to Michael Anz. (Id. ¶¶ 48-49.) Plaintiffs allege that Public Storage insisted that Ms. Corona sign a release and rental lease agreement before they could return her belongings. (Id. ¶ 54.) Ms. Corona refused to sign the document because it contained untrue statements, including a statement that none of the stored property contained important documents, personal identification, perishables, or sentimental items. (Id. ¶¶ 55-56.)
Plaintiffs allege that Michael Anz contacted Plaintiffs' attorney and said that Plaintiffs could obtain their belongings from him. (Id. ¶ 61.) As a result, Ms. Corona returned to Public Storage on March 16, 2013 along with seven people to help her move her belongings. (Id. ¶ 62.) However, Plaintiffs' attorney was allegedly presented with the same lease agreement document containing untrue statements. (Id. ¶ 63.) Plaintiffs' attorney wrote disclaimers on the document. (Id. ¶ 64.) As a result, Public Storage refused to return Plaintiffs' belongings, stating that it was Public Storage policy not to release belongings from foreclosed homes unless the lease agreement document was signed in unaltered form. (Id. ¶ 65.)
Plaintiffs bring a variety of claims arising out of these events. Plaintiffs allege violations of the First Amendment, Fourth Amendment, RICO, the Sherman Act, and Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200. Further, Plaintiffs seek to set aside the foreclosure sale. Plaintiffs purportedly bring all of their claims on behalf of a class of similarly situated individuals who have been subjected to the same alleged acts that Plaintiffs experienced.
Though the issue is not before the Court at this time, the Court expresses skepticism as to whether the causes of action and facts asserted by Plaintiffs may properly be adjudicated as a class action.
II. Legal Standard
A complaint will survive a motion to dismiss when it contains "sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). When considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a court must "accept as true all allegations of material fact and must construe those facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff." Resnick v. Hayes, 213 F.3d 443, 447 (9th Cir. 2000). Although a complaint need not include "detailed factual allegations," it must offer "more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Conclusory allegations or allegations that are no more than a statement of a legal conclusion "are not entitled to the assumption of truth." Id. at 679. In other words, a pleading that merely offers "labels and conclusions," a "formulaic recitation of the elements," or "naked assertions" will not be sufficient to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Id. at 678 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
"When there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court should assume their veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement of relief." Id. at 679. Plaintiffs must allege "plausible grounds to infer" that their claims rise "above the speculative level." Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. "Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief" is a "context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679.
III. Discussion
The existence of underlying constitutional violations by LAPD officers was not challenged in the Motion, although Private Defendants dispute that there were any such violations in their Reply. The Court does not decide here whether or not any viable § 1983 claims exist against the City of Los Angeles.
Plaintiffs' § 1983 claims appear to be based on purported violations of Plaintiffs' First Amendment and Fourth Amendment rights. (Complaint ¶¶ 88-142.) Private Defendants argue that Plaintiffs' Section 1983 claims should be dismissed as to them because they are not state actors and did not act under color of law. "To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege two essential elements: (1) that a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States was violated, and (2) that the alleged violation was committed by a person acting under the color of State law." Long v. County of Los Angeles, 442 F.3d 1178, 1185 (9th Cir. 2006).
Generally, private actors do not act under color of state law. Price v. State of Hawaii, 939 F.2d 702, 707-08 (9th Cir. 1991). Further, "it is generally not a constitutional violation for a police officer to enforce a private entity's rights." Villegas v. Gilroy Garlic Festival Ass'n, 541 F.3d 950, 957 (9th Cir. 2008). Nor does a private party's invocation of remedies provided by state law constitute state action. See Harper v. Federal Land Bank of Spokane, 878 F.2d 1172, 1178 (9th Cir. 1989) ("[T]he fact that a state permits the use of foreclosure procedures and subsequent sheriff sales as the execution of a judgment is not sufficient to constitute state action.").
However, there are situations where a private individual or entity can be held liable under § 1983. Plaintiffs contend in their opposition to the Motion that the Private Defendants acted in concert with the LAPD such that the Private Defendants can be deemed to have acted under color of state law. See Kirtley v. Rainey, 326 F.3d 1088, 1093-95 (9th Cir. 2003); Tsao v. Desert Palace, Inc., 698 F.3d 1128, 1140 (9th Cir. 2012). Joint action exists where the state has "so far insinuated itself into a position of interdependence with [the private entity] that it must be recognized as a joint participant in the challenged activity." Gorenc v. Salt River Project Agric. Improvement & Power Dist., 869 F.2d 503, 507 (9th Cir. 1989) (quoting Burton v. Wilmington Parking Auth., 365 U.S. 715, 725 (1961)).
As to Plaintiffs' First Amendment claim, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have not pled sufficient facts to support a claim that their rights of "free speech, freedom of association and to petition for redress of grievances" (Complaint ¶ 90) were violated by Private Defendants. The only allegation that clearly pertains to their First Amendment claim is a single, isolated statement that defendants would "arriv[e] on the scene at [Ms. Corona's] home each time she tried to associate with Occupy Fights Foreclosures and then demand[] identification of all individuals present intimidating any assertion of rights." (Id. ¶ 125.) However, this pleading does not establish any connection between the purported acts of the LAPD officers, presumably the party that arrived at the Property demanding identification, and any acts by Private Defendants. There is no allegation that the LAPD officers went to the Property to demand identification of present OFF members at the direction of or in coordination with Private Defendants. Therefore, Plaintiffs have not stated a claim against the Private Defendants for violation of the First Amendment, and the Court GRANTS the Motion with leave to amend as to Plaintiffs' First Amendment claim against Private Defendants.
Plaintiffs' Complaint is unclear in this regard. Further, the Complaint is unclear as to which acts by which defendants purportedly violated Plaintiffs' First Amendment rights. Should Plaintiffs choose to amend, any amended complaint should clarify the predicate acts upon which Plaintiffs seek to base this claim.
With regard to Plaintiffs' Fourth Amendment claim, Plaintiffs have pled sufficient facts to give rise to a plausible claim against Bank of America. Plaintiffs allege that "Bank of America called the Los Angeles Police Department on a Friday late morning to early afternoon and demanded that the locks be changed and all persons immediately evicted from the [Property] on or about January 18, 2013." (Complaint ¶ 41.) Further, Plaintiffs allege that "LAPD officer Gonzalez ... allowed Bank of America's agent, a locksmith, to change the locks on the [Property] and erect a 15 to 20 feet chicken-wire fence around the [Property]." (Id. ¶ 95.) Further, Plaintiffs allege that on January 22, 2013, Bank of America's representative Michael Anz, as well as LAPD officers, were present when Plaintiffs were forced from the Property, with some of their belongings already loaded into a moving truck. (Id. ¶¶ 100-04.)
These facts give rise to a plausible claim that LAPD and Bank of America, through Michael Anz, were engaged in "joint action" such that Anz and Bank of America could have been acting "under color of law" when they seized Plaintiffs' personal property from the home and forced Ms. Urenia from the Property. Where police officers do more than merely "stand by" in case of trouble, but instead affirmatively participate in assisting private actors in effectuating an eviction or repossession of property, the private actors may be said to be acting under color of law. Howerton v. Gabica, 708 F.2d 380, 383-84 (9th Cir. 1983) ("This case involves more than a single incident of police consent to 'stand by' in case of trouble. Police were on the scene at each step of the eviction... The actions of [the officer] created an appearance that the police sanctioned the eviction." ); see also Harris v. City of Roseburg, 664 F.2d 1121, 1127 (9th Cir. 1981) ("[T]here may be a deprivation within the meaning of § 1983 ... when the officer assists in effectuating a repossession over the objection of the debtor."). Here, Plaintiffs' alleged facts indicate that the LAPD officers did more than merely "stand by" when Bank of America locked Plaintiffs out of the Property, evicted Plaintiffs from the Property, and took possession of Plaintiffs' personal belongings. However, the alleged facts do not demonstrate that Public Storage performed any acts jointly with LAPD officers, such that any acts performed by Public Storage were not performed "under color of law." Therefore, the Court DENIES the Motion as to Plaintiffs' Fourth Amendment claim against Bank of America and Michael Anz and GRANTS the Motion with leave to amend as to Plaintiffs' claim against Public Storage.
The Court expresses some doubt as to whether the facts in this case will establish that any underlying Fourth Amendment violation occurred in the eviction and repossession process. However, as Private Defendants offered no substantial or convincing argument as to why Plaintiffs' facts do not establish a violation of their right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures, either in their Motion or upon reply, the Court declines to dismiss the claim on that basis.
B. RICO Claims
The elements of a civil RICO claim are "(1) conduct (2) of an enterprise (3) through a pattern (4) of racketeering activity." Rezner v. Bayerische Hypo-Und Vereinsbank AG, 630 F.3d 866, 873 (9th Cir. 2010). Private Defendants argue that Plaintiffs' RICO claim should be dismissed because (a) Plaintiffs fail to allege facts showing the existence of an enterprise and (b) Plaintiffs fail to allege facts showing the existence of a pattern of racketeering activity. (Docket No. 25-1, pp. 11-14.) Further, Private Defendants argue that Plaintiffs' RICO conspiracy claim fails because the underlying RICO claim fails. (Id. at 14-15.) Finally, Private Defendants argue that there is no cognizable claim for aiding and abetting a civil RICO claim. (Id. at 15.)
An "enterprise" is a "group of persons associated together for a common purpose of engaging in a course of conduct." United States v. Turkett, 452 U.S. 576, 583 (1981). To plead the existence of an enterprise, a plaintiff must allege "an ongoing organization, formal or informal, and by evidence that the various associates function as a continuing unit." Id.; see also Odom v. Microsoft Corp., 486 F.3d 541, 552 (9th Cir. 2007).
The Court finds that Plaintiffs have failed to plead the existence of an ongoing enterprise between Defendants. Plaintiffs conclusorily plead that Defendants engage in an ongoing enterprise by which Defendants routinely conduct post-foreclosure activities exactly the way they happened to Plaintiffs in this case: Defendants change the locks on foreclosed properties, lock up personal property inside the foreclosed residence, refuse to coordinate a way to return the personal property to its owner, haul the property to Public Storage, and force the owner to sign a release and lease agreement in order for him or her to obtain the personal property. (Complaint ¶ 162.) However, Plaintiffs allege no facts that would suggest the existence of an ongoing enterprise; instead, Plaintiffs' only factual allegations relate to these actions being performed once, to their personal property. See Gamboa v. Trustee Corps, 2009 WL 656285, at *5-6 (N.D. Cal. 2009) (finding that plaintiffs failed to plead a RICO claim where the complaint is "focused on one foreclosure sale" and does "not describe any other attempted foreclosure or loan collection activities" but makes only "the conclusory allegation" of a pattern or practice); Martinez v. Quality Loan Service Corp., 2009 WL 586725, at *8 (C.D. Cal. 2009) (same). Therefore, Plaintiffs have not alleged sufficient facts to support the existence of an ongoing enterprise. Therefore, their RICO claim fails.
Plaintiffs also argue that they have pled facts regarding a statistical increase in short-term tenancies at Public Storage facilities and that this increase implies that Defendants' actions toward Plaintiffs have been repeated many times. (Opp. to Mtn., Docket No. 46, p. 7; see Complaint ¶¶ 70-75.) However, a mere increase in short-term rentals at Public Storage, without more, is insufficient to support Plaintiffs' allegation of an ongoing enterprise between the Private Defendants and the City of Los Angeles. There are many possible explanations for such a statistical trend. Without facts suggesting any sort of link between the trend and repeated acts similar to those alleged in this action, these statistics are insufficient to support a plausible RICO claim.
The Court does not reach the additional issues of whether Plaintiffs have properly alleged a "pattern" of racketeering activity, nor whether Plaintiffs have pled sufficient facts to support the predicate acts of mail fraud and wire fraud for their RICO claims.
Plaintiffs also bring a RICO conspiracy claim. (Complaint ¶¶ 193-98.) As their underlying RICO claim is insufficiently pled, the conspiracy claim fails as well. See Howard v. America Online, Inc., 208 F.3d 741, 751 (9th Cir. 2000) ("Plaintiffs cannot claim that a conspiracy to violate RICO existed if they do not adequately plead a substantive violation of RICO.").
Finally, Plaintiffs attempt to assert a cause of action for "aiding and abetting" RICO violations. (Complaint ¶¶ 199-206.) The Third Circuit has found that no private right of action exists for aiding and abetting a RICO violation. Rolo v. City Investing Co. Liquidating Trust, 155 F.3d 644, 657 (3d Cir. 1998) (adopting the reasoning of Central Bank of Denver, N.A. v. First Interstate Bank of Denver, N.A., 511 U.S. 164 (1994), which held that there was no private right of action for aiding and abetting a violation of Section 10(b) of the Securities and Exchange Act). At least one district court in the Ninth Circuit has adopted the Third Circuit approach. In re Countrywide Financial Corp. Mortgage Marketing and Sales Practice Litigation, 601 F.Supp.2d 1201, 1219 (S.D. Cal. 2009). The Court agrees with this approach and concludes that there is no private right of action for aiding and abetting a RICO violation. Further, in the absence of a sufficiently pled predicate RICO violation, Plaintiffs' derivative claim for aiding and abetting would fail even if they could, in theory, bring such a claim. See Westways World Travel, Inc. v. AMR Corp., 265 F. App'x. 472, 474 (9th Cir. 2008) ("Because the [plaintiffs] cannot maintain a substantive RICO claim, their derivative RICO claim[] for aiding and abetting ... also fail[s]."). Therefore, the Court GRANTS the Motion as to all of Plaintiffs' RICO claims with leave to amend. Any amendment must correct the deficiencies identified in this Order.
C. Sherman Act Claims
A claim under Section 2 of the Sherman Act requires "(1) the defendant possessed monopoly power in the relevant market; (2) the defendant willfully acquired or maintained that power through exclusionary conduct; and (3) the defendant's conduct caused antitrust injury." InfoStream Group, Inc. v. PayPal, Inc., 2012 WL 3731517, at *4 (N.D. Cal. 2012). Private Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have not stated a claim under Section 2 of the Sherman Act because (a) they have not suffered an antitrust injury and (b) they have not alleged facts showing Public Storage's market power. (Docket No. 25-1, pp. 15-17.)
Plaintiffs' antitrust claims appear to be asserted only against Public Storage.
Though not made explicit, it appears that Plaintiff's Sherman Act claims are based on an alleged agreement between Public Storage and Bank of America that all personal property recovered from homes upon which Bank of America has foreclosed will be taken to a Public Storage facility. Plaintiffs have not alleged, however, that as a result of that purported agreement, they have suffered a cognizable antitrust injury. An antitrust injury "means harm to the process of competition and consumer welfare." LiveUniverse, Inc. v. MySpace, Inc., 304 F. App'x. 554, 557 (9th Cir. 2008). Even taking Plaintiffs' allegations as true and accepting that there was some sort of agreement between Public Storage and Bank of America, Plaintiffs still plead no facts indicating that they were charged higher prices or otherwise harmed by any purported lack of competition between Public Storage and other self-storage entities. Plaintiffs do not allege any facts suggesting that the alleged harms to Plaintiffs flow from the fact that Public Storage controls a large market share of the self-storage industry. Plaintiffs could have suffered the same alleged harmed in the same manner had their personal belongings been removed from the Property and taken to any storage facility. Therefore, Plaintiffs have not sufficiently pled the existence of an antitrust injury. As a result, their Sherman Act claims fail, and the Court GRANTS the Motion as to these claims.
The Court does not reach the question of whether Plaintiffs have alleged sufficient facts demonstrating that Public Storage has monopoly power, though the Court expresses doubt that the facts, as currently alleged, are sufficient to support such a finding. Moreover, there are no facts in the complaint demonstrating Public Storage's willful acquisition and maintenance of monopoly power.
D. UCL Claims
Plaintiffs allege their UCL claim only against Bank of America. Plaintiffs premise their claim on Bank of America's alleged practice of "evict[ing] homeowners and search[ing] and seiz[ing] their personal property, when there is no valid search warrant and no arrest ... made." (Complaint ¶ 223.) Further, Plaintiffs allege that Bank of America threatens "to arrest and take property without due process as a bargaining tool in order to coerce those to stop associating with the OFF movement to chill free speech." (Id. ¶ 225.)
Some of the allegations appear to indicate that Plaintiffs wish to assert this cause of action against other defendants. However, Plaintiffs specify in their section heading that they wish to assert this claim against only Bank of America. (See Complaint, pg. 36.)
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To the extent that Plaintiffs' underlying claims survive, or are amended to state a claim, the Court finds that the UCL claim survives under the "unlawful" prong of Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200. To the extent that the underlying claims are insufficient, Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim. To the extent that Plaintiffs seek to base their § 17200 claim on predicate acts that are not unlawful, but nevertheless are "unfair" or violate public policy, Plaintiffs must amend their complaint to state with sufficient specificity which acts allegedly fall into these categories.
E. Claim to Set Aside Foreclosure
Plaintiffs base this claim for relief on their allegation that the Deed of Trust on the Property contained a provision requiring Bank of America to follow HUD guidelines, including counseling, to attempt to avoid foreclosure and that Bank of America failed to follow those requirements. (See Complaint ¶¶ 238-42.) Private Defendants advance four arguments as to why Plaintiffs' claim to set aside the foreclosure sale should be dismissed: (1) the alleged failure to follow HUD guidelines cannot provide a basis for setting aside a foreclosure; (2) res judicata bars Plaintiffs' claim; (3) Plaintiffs have failed to allege tender; and (4) Plaintiffs' claim is barred by the statute of limitations.
The Court notes at the outset that it appears that Ms. Urenia lacks standing to pursue this claim, as she is not named on the Deed of Trust. (See RJN, Docket No. 25-2, Exh. A.) Therefore, the Court's analysis will focus solely on whether Ms. Corona has stated a claim to set aside the foreclosure.
As to Private Defendants' first argument, the sole case cited in support of their contention that the failure to follow HUD guidelines is insufficient grounds to set aside a foreclosure does not support that conclusion. See Pfeifer v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 211 Cal.App.4th 1250, 1269-79 (2012). The court in that case found that the mortgagors could assert a cause of action to prevent the foreclosure sale based on violations of HUD regulations, as incorporated into the deed of trust. Id. at 1279. The quotation offered by Private Defendants does not capture the holding of the case. Therefore, the Court does not dismiss Plaintiffs' claim on this basis.
As to Private Defendants' statute of limitations argument, the sole case cited in support of their contention that the claim is time-barred expressly limits the three-year statute of limitations to claims to set aside a foreclosure "based on fraud, a fraudulent conspiracy or breach of statutory duty." Susilo v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 796 F.Supp.2d 1177, 1195 (C.D. Cal. 2011). In this case, Plaintiffs have a plausible claim to set aside the foreclosure arising from their contractual rights in the Deed of Trust, which requires the lender to follow HUD guidelines prior to instituting foreclosure proceedings, rather than a claim based on fraud or on breach of a statutory duty. The statute of limitations for contract claims is four years under California law. Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 337(1). Therefore, the Court does not dismiss Plaintiffs' claim on this basis.
With regard to Private Defendants' other two arguments, the Court finds that Plaintiffs' pleading is insufficient for the Court to determine at this juncture whether the tender requirement should be excused because the foreclosure sale was void or whether the issues adjudicated in the state court proceeding should bar Plaintiffs' pursuit of their current claims under the doctrine of res judicata, as both determinations depend upon the exact nature of Plaintiffs' claims. Plaintiffs have failed to plead sufficient facts to identify which purported acts or failures to act constituted violations of HUD regulations, as incorporated into the Deed of Trust. Plaintiffs merely allege that the HUD regulations were incorporated into the Deed of Trust (Complaint ¶ 25) and that the foreclosure occurred "[w]ithout following HUD regulations" (Id. ¶ 26). Plaintiffs reiterate that "Bank of America never followed the HUD guidelines outlined in the Deed of Trust ..., such as providing a counseling session to avoid foreclosure." (Id. ¶ 239.) These allegations fail to identify with particularity the course of events that Plaintiffs allege were wrongful, nor the specific HUD provisions that made them wrongful. Therefore, the Court GRANTS the Motion to dismiss this claim without prejudice. Any amended complaint must plead facts in support of this claim and the HUD provisions allegedly violated with specificity.
IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS the Motion IN PART and DENIES the Motion IN PART. Plaintiffs may amend their complaint consistent with the deficiencies identified in this Order. Any amended complaint must be filed on or before June 6, 2014. IT IS SO ORDERED.
DEAN D. PREGERSON
United States District Judge