Opinion
Nos. 28,567, 28,569 and 28,571 to 28,585.
Filed June 13, 1950. Rehearing denied October 4, 1950.
1. CRIMINAL LAW — Appeal — Consolidation of Appeals — Questions Identical — Parties — Briefs — Appellant Filed One Brief — All Appellees Joined in Single Brief — Appeals Consolidated. — On appeal by the State from judgments sustaining motions to quash several indictments where the State filed one brief raising the same questions as to each appeal, and all the appellees joined in a single brief, each appellee presenting the same questions as to each appeal, the cases would be consolidated for the purposes of an opinion and disposition in the Supreme Court. p. 501.
2. CRIMINAL LAW — Appeal — Briefs — Failure To Comply With Supreme Court Rules — Defects Could Be Corrected in Answer Brief — Objections to Brief Without Merit. — On appeal by the State from judgments sustaining motions to quash several indictments there was no merit to appellees' objections that appellant's brief did not comply with Supreme Court rules in that it did not set out appellant's praecipe for the transcript nor set forth that the indictments were endorsed as "A true bill" by the foreman of the grand jury, because enough of the record was set out to fully present the errors relied upon and if a praecipe was not filed or the indictments not properly endorsed such facts could have been pointed out in the answer brief. Rules of the Supreme Court, 2-17, 2-18. p. 502.
3. CRIMINAL LAW — Appeal — Assignments of Error — Assignment Not Duplicitous. — An assignment of errors stating that the trial court erred in sustaining appellees' motion to quash the indictment herein and rendering judgment in favor of appellees on quashing said indictment was not duplicitous. p. 502.
4. CRIMINAL LAW — Appeal — Prayer for Appeal — Prayer Mere Surplusage. — Under the present Supreme Court rules governing procedure and practice, a prayer for appeal is mere surplusage. p. 502.
5. CRIMINAL LAW — Evidence — Judicial Notice — "Lottery" and "Gift Enterprise" — Terms Have Well-Defined Meaning — Supreme Court Will Judicially Notice. — The terms "lottery" and "gift enterprise" have well-defined meanings of which the Supreme Court will take judicial notice. p. 503.
6. INDICTMENT AND AFFIDAVIT — Requisites and Sufficiency — Language of Statute — Gaming and Lotteries — Indictment Sufficient If Language of Statute Is Used. — An indictment for a lottery is generally sufficient if the offense is charged in the language of the statute defining the crime, or in terms substantially equivalent thereto. Burns' 1942 Replacement, § 10-2302. p. 503.
7. INDICTMENT AND AFFIDAVIT — Requisites and Sufficiency — Matters Not Known to Grand Jury — Not Vital to Accusation — May Be Stated as Unknown. — Facts not vital to the accusation and constituting merely matters of description may be stated in an indictment as unknown to the grand jury if such is the case. p. 503.
8. INDICTMENT AND AFFIDAVIT — Requisites and Sufficiency — Gaming and Lotteries — Lottery Not Authorized — Description Unnecessary. — Where no lottery is authorized, it is not necessary that an indictment charging the offense of making and drawing a lottery should contain a description of the nature of the lottery or the manner in which its object would be promoted, and such a description, if pleaded, would be surplusage. Indiana Constitution, Art. 15, § 8; Burns' 1942 Replacement, § 10-2302. p. 504.
9. LOTTERIES — Regulation and Prohibition — Statute — Making and Drawing Lottery — Terms Are Not Generic — Meaning of Terms — Language of Statute Not Too Indefinite. — The language of the statute which makes it a crime to make or draw a lottery scheme or gift enterprise is sufficiently definite to constitute a description of such a misdemeanor because the terms "make" and "draw" are not generic, as thus used, but have a definite meaning, "make" meaning the setting up of a lottery, and "draw" meaning the actual drawing to determine to whom the prizes shall be awarded. Burns' 1942 Replacement, § 10-2302. p. 504.
10. LOTTERIES — Regulation and Prohibition — Statute — Lottery Scheme — Lotteries Always Involve a Scheme. — The fact that the statute pertaining to lotteries uses the term "lottery scheme" instead of "lottery" is of no importance, as any lottery involves a scheme for the distribution of prizes by chance among persons who, for a consideration, share in the distribution. Burns' 1942 Replacement, § 10-2302. p. 505.
11. INDICTMENT AND AFFIDAVIT — Requisites and Sufficiency — Language of Statute — Gaming and Lotteries — Lottery Not Authorized — Matters Unknown to Grand Jury — Indictment Charging Lottery in Language of Statute With No Particular Description — Indictment Sufficient. — An indictment charging the offense of making and drawing a lottery, stating that a particular description of the scheme, the amount, and a particular description of the money mentioned therein were unknown to the grand jury was sufficient, for the offense was charged in the language of the statute, a description is unnecessary because lotteries are not authorized by law, and matters unknown to the grand jury may be pleaded as such if they are not vital to the accusation and merely matters of description. Indiana Constitution, Art. 15, § 8; Burns' 1942 Replacement, § 10-2302. p. 505.
From the Criminal Court of Marion County, Division One, William D. Bain, Judge.
Thomas H. McNulty and others were charged in separate indictments with making and drawing a lottery scheme and gift enterprise. From judgments sustaining motions by all of the defendants to quash the indictments, the State appeals. The appeals have been consolidated.
Reversed with instructions.
J. Emmett McManamon, Attorney General, George S. Dailey, Prosecuting Attorney, 19th Judicial Circuit; Robert L. Carrico and Samuel E. Garrison, Deputy Prosecuting Attorneys, 19th Judicial Circuit, for appellant. Eugene H. Yockey; Cadick Burns, and Symmes, Fleming Symmes, all of Indianapolis, for appellees.
These seventeen appeals were consolidated by this court for briefing. Each of the indictments was returned by the grand jury of Marion County charging appellees with making and drawing a lottery scheme and gift enterprise in violation of § 10-2302, Burns' 1942 Replacement, Acts 1905, ch. 169, § 555, p. 584. This section of our statute reads as follows:
"Whoever sells a lottery ticket or tickets, or a share or shares in any lottery scheme or gift enterprise, or acts as agent for any lottery scheme or gift enterprise, or aids or abets any person or persons to engage in the same, or transmits money by mail or express, or otherwise transmits the same, to any lottery scheme or gift enterprise for the division of property to be determined by chance, or makes or draws any lottery scheme or gift enterprise for a division of property not authorized by law, or who knowingly permits any building, tenement, wharf-boat or other watercraft owned, leased or controlled by him, to be used and occupied for any of the purposes above named, shall, on conviction, be fined not less than ten dollars ($10.00) nor more than five hundred dollars ($500)."
The indictment in cause No. 28,567 is in words and figures as follows:
"The Grand Jury for the County of Marion in the State of Indiana, upon their oath do present that Thomas H. McNulty, Edward R. McNulty, Ralph Hitch, William B. Miller, and Hugh Flynn on or about the 2nd day of July, A.D. 1948, at and in the County of Marion and in the State of Indiana did then and there unlawfully make and draw a certain lottery scheme and gift enterprise, not authorized by law, and commonly known as the Five 3 out of 4 Friday Moon Baseball Lottery and Pool, for the division of a certain sum of lawful money of the United States of America, to be determined by chance, the amount and a more particular description of said money are to the Grand Jurors unknown, and therefore can not be given and a more particular description of said lottery scheme and gift enterprise and the mode of operating and conducting such lottery scheme and gift enterprise including the method of determining the distribution of said money are to the Grand Jurors unknown and therefore can not be given all contrary to the form of the statute in such case made and provided, and against the peace and dignity of the State of Indiana."
Indictments in appeals No. 28,567 and 28,575 to 28,584 inclusive, are each against the appellees, Thomas H. McNulty, Edward R. McNulty, Ralph Hitch, William B. Miller and Hugh Flynn. Indictments in appeals No. 28,569 and 28,571 to 28,574 inclusive; 28,580 and 28,585 are each against the appellees, Thomas H. McNulty, Edward R. McNulty and Hugh Flynn. Each of these indictments charged the defendants thereto with unlawfully making and drawing a certain lottery scheme and gift enterprise not authorized by law. Each, however, is for a different lottery scheme and gift enterprise. Otherwise the allegations in each indictment are identical.
To each of these indictments the defendants therein filed their motion to quash. Each of these motions is on the same grounds; namely, that the facts stated in the indictment do not 1. constitute a public offense, and that it does not state the offense with sufficient certainty. Each of these motions to quash was sustained by the trial court and the state refused to plead further in each instance. It is from each of these rulings that each of these appeals has been taken. As the appellant has filed but one brief wherein the same questions are raised as to each appeal, and all of the appellees have joined in a single brief wherein each appellee has presented the same questions as to each appeal, these cases are consolidated for the purposes of an opinion and disposition in this court.
Appellees insist that appellant's brief does not comply with our rules. They object that said brief does not set out appellant's praecipe for the transcript, nor does it set 2. forth that the indictments were endorsed as a "true bill" or that they were endorsed by the foreman of the grand jury. There is no merit to any of these objections. Enough of the record is set out to fully present the errors relied upon as required by Rule 2-17 of this court. If a praecipe was not filed, or if any or all of the indictments were not endorsed as required by law, such facts could have been pointed out in appellant's answer brief as provided by Rule 2-18 of this court.
3. In each appeal the assignment of errors is in words as follows:
"The court erred in sustaining appellees' motion to quash the indictment herein and rendered judgment in favor of appellees' on quashing said indictment."
Appellees' contention that the assignment of errors in each case is duplicitous is without substance.
What is said by appellees in regard to appellant's prayer for appeal need not be considered, as a prayer for an appeal is 4. mere surplusage under our present rules.
It will be noted that the charge in each indictment is that appellant "did then and there unlawfully make and draw a certain lottery scheme and gift enterprise for a division of property not authorized by law . . ." This charge is in the words of the statute defining the crime above set out.
The term "lottery" has a well-defined meaning. Hudelson et al. v. The State (1883), 94 Ind. 426; Lynch v. Rosenthal (1895), 144 Ind. 86, 42 N.E. 1103; so has the term "gift 5. enterprise." Lohman et al. v. The State (1881), 81 Ind. 15; Utz v. Wolf (1920), 72 Ind. App. 572, 126 N.E. 327. We take judicial notice of the meaning of these terms.
An indictment for lottery is sufficient as a general rule, if the offense is charged in the language of the statute defining the crime, or in terms substantially equivalent thereto. 6, 7. Commonwealth v. Sullivan (1888), 146 Mass. 142, 15 N.E. 491; Freleigh v. The State (1844), 8 Mo. 606; State v. Bove (1922), 98 N.J.L. 350, 116 A. 766; State v. Matthews (1936), 117 W. Va. 97, 184 S.E. 665. See also Trout v. The State (1887), 111 Ind. 499, 12 N.E. 1005 and Nichols v. State (1902), 28 Ind. App. 674, 63 N.E. 783. Furthermore, in these indictments the pleader has used extra precaution by alleging that "a more particular description of said lottery scheme and gift enterprise including the method of determining the distribution of said money are to the grand jurors unknown, and therefore cannot be given." Ordinary experience teaches us such facts would be unknown to an average grand juror. If such facts had to be known and pleaded, it would often result in a situation where those who are guilty could not be prosecuted. On grounds of reasonable necessity, it is the law that facts not vital to the accusation and constituting merely matters of description, may be stated in an indictment as unknown to the grand jury if such is the case. 54 C.J.S., Lotteries, § 25, p. 869; 31 C.J., Indictments and Informations, § 197, p. 674; 38 C.J., Lotteries, § 50, p. 310; Pickett v. People (1876), 8 Hun. 83, 15 N.Y. St. 83, (Aff. 67 N.Y. 609 Mem.).
These indictments are good for another reason — § 8 of Art. 15 of our Constitution prohibits lotteries. The State v. Woodward (1883), 89 Ind. 110. Where no lottery is 8. authorized it is not necessary that the indictment should contain a description of the nature of the lottery or the manner in which its object would be promoted. If such description were pleaded it would be surplusage. Wharton, Criminal Procedure (10th Ed.), § 933; 38 C.J., Lotteries, § 58, p. 313; State v. Follett (1832), 6 N.H. 53; France v. The State (1873), 6 Baxter 478, 65 Tenn. 478.
What has been said herein, as to the description of the lottery and gift enterprise, applies also to the allegation that the amount and description of the money mentioned in the indictment were unknown.
The appellees insist that the language of the statute which makes it a crime to make or draw any lottery scheme or gift enterprise is so indefinite that it does not constitute a 9. definition or description of such misdemeanor. They claim there is no common law definition or judicial decision defining the making or drawing of a lottery scheme or gift enterprise, and that the words "make" and "draw" are generic terms and embrace various thoughts and shades of meaning. This objection is without substance. Many, if not all, of the states of the Union have adopted legislation outlawing lotteries and gift enterprise. Some of these statutes make it a specific crime to prepare, set up or draw a lottery or gift enterprise. In one state at least, we find that the offense includes "whoever . . . makes . . . a lottery or scheme of chance." Page's Ohio Code, § 13064. The words "make" and "draw" are not generic terms; they have a definite meaning. It is our opinion that the word "make" means the setting up of a lottery; and to "draw" a lottery is a well-understood term. It means the actual drawing to determine to whom the prizes shall be awarded. In the case of State v. Matthews, supra, the court held that the charge could be pleaded in the language of the statute, which statute made it unlawful to "set up or promote or be concerned in the managing or drawing of a lottery."
The fact that our statutes use the words "lottery scheme," instead of "lottery" is of no importance, as any lottery involves a scheme for the distribution of prizes by chance among 10. persons who, for a consideration, share in the distribution. See Post Pub. Co. v. Murray (1916, C.C.A. 1st, Mass.), 230 Fed. 773. See also State v. Becker (1913), 248 Mo. 555, 154 S.W. 769, wherein it is held that the term "lottery" is broad enough to include any scheme of drawing in the nature of a lottery whereby a thing of value is disposed of by law or chance.
11. We conclude that each of these indictments states a public offense with sufficient certainty.
The judgment in each of these cases is hereby reversed, and the trial court is ordered to overrule the motion to quash in each case and to proceed in accordance with this opinion.
NOTE. — Reported in 92 N.E.2d 839.