Opinion
(10001)
Convicted, on a conditional plea of nolo contendere, of the crime of possession of a narcotic substance with intent to sell, the defendant appealed to this court challenging the denial of his motion to suppress certain evidence. He claimed, inter alia, that a police informant who notified police that the defendant was dealing drugs lacked a sufficient basis of knowledge to establish probable cause for his warrantless arrest and that the facts failed to provide sufficient indicia of the informant's veracity. Held that the trial court properly denied the defendant's motion to suppress; under the totality of the circumstances, which included the corroboration of the informant's information by independent police information, the arresting officer had probable cause to believe that the defendant had committed or was committing a felony.
Argued September 25, 1991
Decision released March 17, 1992
Substitute information charging the defendant with the crime of possession of cocaine with intent to sell, brought to the Superior Court in the judicial district of Middlesex and presented to the court, R. O'Connell, J., on a conditional plea of nolo contendere; judgment of guilty, from which the defendant appealed to this court. Affirmed.
Christopher G. James, assistant public defender, for the appellant (defendant).
Margaret Gaffney Radionovas, deputy assistant state's attorney, with whom, on the brief, were John T. Redway, state's attorney, and Bernadette Conway, assistant state's attorney, for the appellee (state).
The defendant appeals from the judgment of conviction of possession of a narcotic substance with intent to sell in violation of General Statutes 21a-277 (a). Following the denial of his motion to suppress evidence, the defendant entered a conditional plea of nolo contendere pursuant to General Statutes 54-94a.
General Statutes 21a-277 (a) provides in pertinent part "Any person who . . . possesses with the intent to sell or dispense . . . to another person any controlled substance which is a hallucinogenic substance other then marijuana . . . for a first offense, shall be imprisoned not more than fifteen years and may be fined not more than fifty thousand dollars or be both fined and imprisoned; and for a second offense shall be imprisoned not more than thirty years and may be fined not more than one hundred thousand dollars, or be both fined and imprisoned; and for each subsequent offense, shall be imprisoned not more than thirty years and may be fined not more than two hundred fifty thousand dollars, or be both fined and imprisoned."
The transcript indicates a plea of guilty and not a plea of nolo contendere. It is clear from the context that a nolo contendere plea was intended. It was treated as such by the trial court and the parties and we will do likewise
General Statutes 54-94a provides in pertinent part: "When a defendant, prior to the commencement of trial, enters a plea of nolo contendere conditional on the right to take an appeal from the court's denial of the defendant's motion to suppress evidence based on an unreasonable search or seizure . . . the defendant after the imposition of sentence may file an appeal within the time prescribed by law. The issue to be considered in such an appeal shall be limited to whether it was proper for the court to have denied the motion to suppress.
The defendant claims that (1) the trial court improperly denied his motion to suppress because the police informant lacked a sufficient basis of knowledge to establish probable cause to arrest him, (2) the facts fail to provide sufficient indicia of the informant's veracity to support the trial court's finding of probable cause, and (3) the trial court's findings improperly included certain factual and material conclusions that were inconsistent with the evidence. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Because the defendant's brief was filed before our Supreme Court decided State v. Barton, 219 Conn. 529, 594 A.2d 917 (1991), he has framed his issues in accordance with the probable cause analysis adopted in State v. Kimbro, 197 Conn. 219, 496 A.2d 498 (1985).
The trial court relied on the following facts. On January 24, 1990, Officer James Klick of the Middletown police department was a member of the uniform patrol division. During his seventeen and one-half years as police officer, Klick had been involved in dozens of narcotics investigations. On January 24, 1990, his assignment was a walking patrol in the north end of Middletown. While in uniform, patrolling this area, he was approached by an unnamed informant who told him that the defendant was dealing drugs on the corner of Main and Ferry Streets. The informant also told Klick that (1) she had seen the defendant dealing drugs earlier that day, (2) she had seen two people supply the defendant with cocaine in the past, (3) the defendant could be seen that day at the corner of Main and Ferry Streets talking to various individuals after which he would move out of sight, (4) on that day, she had seen the two persons who had supplied the defendant with drugs at one of three apartments of the third level of the Green Court Apartments, and (5) she was relating this information to Klick because she was "sick and tired of what was going on in the North End."
Because the informant's gender was not revealed at trial, the pronoun she will be used throughout this opinion so as to avoid repeated use of the term he/she. Klick's testimony revealed that he used the term "anonymous source" only to indicate that he would not provide the court with the informant's identity. Further, Klick's testimony revealed that he had never used this informant on any prior occasions, nor did he have knowledge of any other officer using the individual as an informant. Klick also did not know if this informant had a criminal record.
Prior to the informant's approaching him, Klick was aware of the defendant's reputation as a street level drug dealer. In an effort to confirm the informant's information, Klick commenced surveillance of the defendant for one to one and one-half hours during each of his 4 p.m. to 12 midnight shifts on January 24 and 25. During the period of this surveillance, at least ten persons approached the defendant at the corner of Main and Ferry Streets. Those who approached the defendant, conversed with him briefly and would then enter building or an alleyway with him, or, in some instances, go with him as far as a block away and around the corner. This conduct corroborated the information furnished by the informant and, on the basis of Klick's training and experience, he recognized it as the way street drug transactions are made.
On January 26, 1990, Klick was again approached by the same informant who stated that the defendant was, at that moment, selling drugs on the corner of Main and Ferry Streets. The informant further stated that, when the defendant ran out of drugs, he would go to one of the three apartments on the third level of the Green Court Apartments to resupply. The informant told Klick that she knew the defendant, would go to that apartment because she had been present there on an earlier occasion when two persons supplied the defendant with drugs to sell on the street. Klick knew that these two individuals were currently under surveillance by police officers from the street crime unit because they were believed to be supplying drugs to the defendant and other dealers.
Klick, accompanied by a fellow officer, commenced surveillance of the Green Court Apartments. At 11 p.m., the officers observed the defendant walk to the third level of Green Court and enter through the third door. Approximately five minutes later, they saw the defendant leave the building and walk up Ferry Street toward Main Street. The officers intercepted the defendant and instructed him to remain where they could see him and to put his hands against a nearby van. The defendant complied and was searched. From the defendant's left front pocket, the officers seized six packets of a white substance, later determined by toxicological analysis to contain cocaine.
The defendant filed a motion to suppress, in which he claimed that the search and seizure of his person violated his rights under the fourth, fifth and fourteenth amendments to the United States constitution and article first, 7, 8 and 9, of our state constitution. At the suppression hearing, the court ruled that Klick had probable cause to arrest the defendant and to conduct a search incident thereto. The defendant entered a plea of nolo contendere, conditioned on his right to take an appeal.
See footnote 1, supra.
We begin our analysis by noting that after the trial court's suppression hearing and before the argument on this appeal our Supreme Court decided State v. Barton, 219 Conn. 529, 594 A.2d 917 (1991), which adopted the reasoning of the United States Supreme Court in Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983). Barton expressly overruled State v. Kimbro, 197 Conn. 219, 496 A.2d 498 (1985), effectively easing the probable cause requirements. Barton has been applied retroactively to cases pending at the time it was decided. See State v. Johnson, 219 Conn. 557, 594 A.2d 933 (1991).
Prior to Barton, the Connecticut Supreme Court held to the rigid Aguilar-Spinelli test that the sufficiency of an informant's information depended on the state's establishing (1) the informant's "basis of knowledge" about the information he furnished and (2) the underlying facts establishing his veracity. State v. Kimbro, supra, 224-25. In adopting the Gates "totality of the circumstances" analysis for determining the existence of probable cause, our Supreme Court now allows the court to look beyond the two prongs of the Aguilar-Spinelli test and to examine the "totality of circumstances" involved. State v. Barton, supra, 544.
Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 84 S.Ct. 1509, 12 L.Ed.2d 723 (1964); Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 89 S.Ct. 584, 21 L.Ed.2d 637 (1969).
In addressing the defendant's claim that there was insufficient evidence to support the trial court's finding that Klick had probable cause to make a warrantless arrest and to conduct a search incident thereto, we first note that "[i]t is an established rule that a properly conducted warrantless search incident to lawful arrest is not illegal. . . . In order for the search to be valid, however, the arrest itself be valid." (Citations omitted.) State v. Velez, 215 Conn. 667, 672, 577 A.2d 1043 (1990). General Statutes 54-1f (b) permits a police officer to make a warrantless arrest of "`"any person who such officer has reasonable grounds to believe has committed or is committing a felony." "Reasonable grounds" is to be equated with probable cause. . . . Probable cause means more than mere suspicion. There must be facts and circumstances within the officer's knowledge, and of which he has trustworthy information, sufficient to justify the belief of a reasonable person that an offense has been or is being committed.' . . ." Id. (Citations omitted.) State v. Velez, supra.
Whether the arrest or the search came first is not relevant because "[a] formal arrest need not always chronologically precede the search in order for the search to be valid. Where there is probable cause to arrest, a search before an arrest is reasonable under the fourth amendment as long as the arrest and search and seizure are substantially contemporaneous, and are integral parts of the same incident. Rawlings v. Kentucky, 448 U.S. 98, 111, 100 S.Ct. 2556, 65 L.Ed.2d 633 (1980); State v. Federici, 179 Conn. 46, 54-55, 425 A.2d 916 (1979)." State v. Kaplan, 20 Conn. App. 183, 188, 565 A.2d 11 (1989).
The informant was not previously known to Klick. If Klick, without more, had gone forth and arrested the defendant, he would have been acting without probable cause. The defendant relies on the following quotation from State v. Kimbro, supra, 233. In this case, given the complete lack of any independent police investigation or information tending to corroborate the informant's information, we conclude that the trial court's finding that probable cause was not demonstrated is supported in this record." That quotation is wholly inapplicable to the present case. Here, there was substantial independent police investigation which corroborated a large portion of the informant's tip. Corroboration of an informant's tip by independent police information has long been considered critical in determining probable cause. McCray v. Illinois, 386 U.S. 300, 87 S.Ct. 1056, 18 L.Ed.2d 62 (1967); Draper v. United States, 357 U.S. 307 [ 358 U.S. 307], 79 S.Ct. 329, 3 L.Ed.2d 327 (1959).
Gates and Barton do not abandon the "basis of knowledge" and "veracity" or "reliability" tests and still consider them highly relevant and "`closely intertwined issues that may usefully illuminate the common sense, practical question' of the existence of probable cause to believe that contraband or evidence is located in a particular place." State v. Barton, supra, 537, quoting Illinois v. Gates, supra, 230.
The state argues that even under the stringent Aguilar-Spinelli test, Klick had probable cause to make a warrantless arrest of the defendant. We do not reach that argument, however, because under the totality of the circumstances, including the substantial independent police corroboration, Klick had probable cause to believe that the defendant had committed or was at that moment committing a felony. See General Statutes 54-1f(b). The defendant's arrest was valid and, thus, he was lawfully searched incident to that arrest.