Summary
In State Univ. Constr. Fund v. Kipphut Neuman Co. (159 AD2d 1003 [4th Dept 1990]), the Court did not permit the use of a former party's deposition in a situation in which the former party had settled the matter and, pursuant to the settlement, was held harmless by the proponent of the deposition.
Summary of this case from Martinez v. Top 99 DiscountOpinion
March 16, 1990
Appeal from the Supreme Court, Erie County, McGowan, J.
Present — Callahan, J.P., Boomer, Pine, Balio and Lowery, JJ.
Judgment unanimously reversed on the law without costs and new trial granted. Memorandum: The trial court should not have permitted the jury to consider the issue of the comparative liability of plaintiff, John W. Cowper Company, Inc. The court and all parties had properly agreed that any culpable conduct on the part of Cowper in failing to provide security on the jobsite related only to mitigation of damages and should be considered on the damages portion of the trial. When a plaintiff's culpable conduct does not cause the accident but merely aggravates the injury, the conduct is pertinent only to the issue of mitigation (Suria v Shiffman, 67 N.Y.2d 87, 95, rearg denied 67 N.Y.2d 918; Spier v Barker, 35 N.Y.2d 444).
The court properly granted the motion of defendant Gardner dismissing plaintiffs' breach of contract and warranty causes of action, leaving only the negligence cause of action against Gardner. In its charge to the jury, however, the court submitted all of plaintiffs' theories of liability, negligence, breach of contract, and breach of warranty, without explaining which theories applied to each defendant. The court erred in not complying with Gardner's request to clarify its charge to prevent the jury from finding liability against Gardner on the theories of breach of contract and breach of warranty. The general verdict against Gardner, therefore, cannot stand.
We reject Gardner's contention that the court should have also dismissed plaintiffs' negligence cause of action because plaintiffs had no contractual relationship with Gardner. Although nonperformance of contract may not give rise to a duty to persons not a party to the contract (see, Henry v Guastella Assocs., 113 A.D.2d 435, 437-438, lv denied 67 N.Y.2d 605), where one does perform, he assumes a duty to act carefully (Melodee Lane Lingerie Co. v American Dist. Tel. Co., 18 N.Y.2d 57, 63-64, rearg denied 18 N.Y.2d 751; Rozner v Resolute Paper Prods. Corp., 37 A.D.2d 396, 398, affd 31 N.Y.2d 934; 3 Harper, James and Gray, Torts § 18.6 [2d ed]).
The court erred also in permitting plaintiffs' counsel to read into evidence the deposition of the employees of defendant, Kipphut Neuman Co., Inc. Immediately before the trial began, Kipphut settled with plaintiffs for the sum of $25,000 and plaintiffs agreed to indemnify Kipphut for any sums exceeding the amount that Kipphut might be found to owe to defendant Gardner on Gardner's cross claim against Kipphut. Kipphut remained a party in the action.
CPLR 3117 provides, in part:
"(a) * * * [a]t the trial * * * any part or all of a deposition, so far as admissible under the rules of evidence, may be used in accordance with any of the following provisions * * *
"2. the deposition of a party or of any one who at the time of taking the deposition was an officer, director, member, or managing or authorized agent of a party, or the deposition of an employee of a party produced by that party, may be used for any purpose by any adversely interested party".
The language of the statute refers to two points in time. With respect to the deponent's status as an officer, director, agent or employee of a party, it refers to the time of taking of the deposition. With respect, however, to the "use" of the deposition by "any adversely interested party", the language refers back to "[a]t the trial". (See, Nedball v Tellefsen, 102 Misc.2d 589, 591; contra, American Tel. Tel. Co. v Lincoln Indus. Enters., 122 A.D.2d 925, 927 .) Because Kipphut and plaintiffs were no longer "adversely interested" parties at the time of trial, CPLR 3117 (a) (2) did not permit plaintiffs to use the depositions of Kipphut employees at trial.