Opinion
32616.
DECIDED OCTOBER 28, 1949.
Action for damages; from Fulton Civil Court — Judge Robert Carpenter. May 24, 1949.
Stonewall H. Dyer, K. Victor K. Meador, for plaintiffs.
Walter A. Sims, H. C. Comer, for defendant.
There was sufficient evidence to authorize the jury to find for the plaintiffs, and the court erred in granting the motion to dismiss the case, in the nature of a motion for nonsuit.
DECIDED OCTOBER 28, 1949.
Reuben and Lillian Smith brought an action for damages against Julia Hightower in the Civil Court of Fulton County. The material allegations of their petition were substantially as follows: The plaintiffs lived in the defendant's house on Mayson-Turner Avenue in the City of Atlanta on May 19, 20, and 21, 1947, and for periods prior and subsequent to those dates. The defendant was living on Simpson Street in the City of Atlanta at that time, but being the owner of the house in which the plaintiffs lived, and wishing to live in her own house, she had arranged with the plaintiffs to exchange houses, but before making this move she wished to make certain repairs to her house in which the plaintiffs lived. A part of these repairs involved tearing down the entire roof and building a new roof on the house. On May 19, 1947, workmen appeared at the instance of the defendant and began tearing off the entire roof. The plaintiff, Reuben Smith, cautioned the workmen that they were exposing his dwelling below to the elements and that it might rain before the roof was repaired and that they had made no provisions to take care of his household goods and other personal property. The defendant's workmen replied that they had instructions to remove the roof and that it would be taken off rain or shine, and proceeded to remove the roof without affording any protection to the plaintiffs' property. The next day, while the roof was torn off and the house below was exposed to the elements, there was a heavy rain which continued throughout May 20 and 21. The water from the rain leaked through the roof and plastering into the rooms below onto the plaintiffs' furniture, clothing, bed linens, rugs, damaging them in the amount of $900, as shown item by item in the petition. The plaintiffs, in the short time between the removal of the roof and the rain, did everything in their power to protect their property from damage and they were in no way at fault for said damages and the defendant "is liable for the negligent way in which she caused the plaintiffs' damages." The defendant filed her answer of general denial, and added further: that the plaintiffs had agreed to move out of her house in April, 1947, and that the Office of Price Administration had granted her leave to put them out six months after October 7, 1946, and that the plaintiffs voluntarily agreed to move if she would not "put a warrant on them" within the six-months period, but they failed to do so. The plaintiffs rented a house from Sharp Boylston on May 19, 1947, and could have moved on that date, but they stated to the workmen who were repairing the defendant's house that they hoped it would rain so that they would be damaged. The property set forth in the petition did not belong to the plaintiffs, and, although she was not liable, the defendant agreed to fix and did fix a mattress and inner-springs; and the plaintiffs did not pay any rent on the premises after April 27, 1947, and every day claimed that they were going to move, and that they could have moved even before this if they would have done so.
By amendment the plaintiffs added the following allegations, which were in substance: that they had been renting the defendant's premises since 1942 at the rate of $25 per month. They agreed to exchange houses on May 21, 1947, and the rent was fully paid to that time, as the plaintiffs had tendered the rent on May 6, 1947, to the defendant but she had refused to accept it because she was willing to forego the rent in order to get the house on May 21. The names and addresses of the workmen who tore off the roof are unknown to the plaintiffs but known to the defendant. The value of their property before the damage was $900 and the value immediately thereafter was nothing, the property being a total loss to the plaintiffs. The plaintiffs attempted to cover their property with rugs to protect it from the rain and further tried to protect the property by putting it in that part of the room where the rain water did not penetrate the greatest, but their efforts were in vain. The defendant admitted the damages to the plaintiffs and she had the furniture removed to a repair shop to have it repaired but for some reason she failed to do so and later returned the property to the plaintiffs.
No demurrers were filed in the case. The plaintiffs introduced their evidence, and the defendant's motion that the case be dismissed, in the nature of a motion for nonsuit, was granted, and the plaintiffs excepted.
1. The plaintiffs' evidence was to the effect that they had been living in the defendant's house on Mayson-Turner Avenue, as tenants, from some time in 1942 until May 21, 1947; in October, 1946, they received from the Office of Price Administration a notice to vacate the premises within six months from October 7, 1946 (that is, by April 7, 1947); on April 15, 1947, the plaintiffs paid rent on the house up until May 6, 1947; on May 6, the plaintiffs tendered their rent which was refused on the ground that the defendant was going to exchange houses with the plaintiffs; that is, the defendant would move into her house on Mayson-Turner and the plaintiffs would move into the house which the defendant was renting on Simpson Street; the defendant intended to remain in the house on Simpson Street until the rent on that house was due on May 19; on May 19 the plaintiffs went to the real-estate agency in charge of the house on Simpson Street and rented it; they were ready to move on that date, but the defendant stated that she could not move, saying, "we are not ready to move. I have to put a new roof on it [the house in which the plaintiffs were living]." The defendant had had carpenters making various repairs on her house on Mayson-Turner for approximately two weeks prior to May 19, but on that date they removed the roof in spite of the remonstrances of the plaintiffs. On May 20, a heavy rainstorm occurred and the rain water leaked into the house and ruined the property of the plaintiffs therein, although the plaintiffs attempted to cover their property with rugs to protect it.
Under this evidence and the rule laid down in Metzer v. Connally Realty Co., 203 Ga. 15 ( 45 S.E.2d 199), the plaintiffs' term as tenants of the defendant ended April 7, 1947, and the plaintiffs became tenants at sufferance, but by accepting the rent on April 15, with no further agreement being made, insofar as appears from the evidence, the defendant thereby, as a matter of law, renewed whatever contract of tenancy had existed between her and the plaintiffs for the preceding term. If the contract which had existed between them prior to the termination of the tenancy on April 7 was for a specified term, the plaintiffs were entitled to hold the premises for another like term. If the contract was for a tenancy from month to month with no time specified for its termination, the plaintiffs held the premises until the end of the calendar year under the provisions of Code § 61-104. If the contract was one of express tenancy at will, it was necessary, after the acceptance of the rent and the consequent renewal of the tenancy at will, for the defendant to give the plaintiffs statutory notice of two months as provided in Code § 61-105. Obviously, the relationship which existed between the plaintiffs was not that of a tenancy at sufferance, as contended by counsel for the defendant. The tenancy at sufferance, in the absence of agreement between the parties, terminated upon the defendant's accepting the rent on April 15.
2. The gist of the plaintiffs' action is not one seeking to recover damages for injuries resulting from a failure on the part of the landlord to keep the premises in repair, after notice. The plaintiffs were the tenants of the defendant. So far as appears from the evidence the house in which they lived was acceptable to them, but the defendant to suit her own convenience and purposes had the roof removed while the plaintiffs were still in possession of the premises with no precautions being taken to protect the plaintiffs' property. "`A covenant for quiet enjoyment is necessarily implied in every lease.' Adair v. Allen, 18 Ga. App. 636 (2) ( 89 S.E. 1099). Accordingly, where a landlord enters upon the rented premises for the ostensible purpose of making repairs, irrespective of whether it is in conformity with a legal obligation due to his tenant, or whether it is for the purpose of protecting his own property, if his conduct consists of negligent acts of such grave and permanent character as would render the premises unfit for tenancy, and is such as would actually deprive and would legally import the intent to deprive the tenant of their enjoyment, it amounts in law to an eviction of the tenant . . [and] where . . it appears . . [that] the acts of the landlord complained of by the tenant do not purport to have been committed in conformity with any legal or contractual obligation on his part, the injury growing out of the alleged negligent conduct of the landlord amounts merely to a tort" ( Feinberg v. Sutker, 35 Ga. App. 505, (1, 2), 134 S.E. 173); and the same act may be a breach of the covenant for quiet enjoyment and also a wrong causing injury to the tenant for which an action of tort will lie. Winchester v. O'Brien, 266 Mass. 33 ( 164 N.E. 807, 64 A.L.R. 895).
3. "Where by a breach of contract one is injured, he is bound to lessen the damages as far as is practicable by the use of ordinary care and diligence" (Code, § 20-1410), and "where by negligence one is injured, he is bound to lessen the damages as far as is practicable by the use of ordinary care and diligence; but this does not apply in cases of positive and continuous torts" (§ 105-2014). "Of course, in every case, whether in suits for personal injuries or injury to property, it will be for the jury to determine whether the plaintiff as a prudent man ought to have taken steps to avoid the damage." Mansfield v. Richardson, 118 Ga. 250, 252 ( 45 S.E. 269).
The plaintiffs proved their case substantially as laid, and the court erred in taking the case from the jury by dismissing it on motion in the nature of a motion for nonsuit.
Judgment reversed. Gardner and Townsend, JJ., concur.