Opinion
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County and from an order denying a new trial. J. W. McKinley, Trial Judge. M. T. Allen, Judge, denying a new trial.
COUNSEL:
William E. Cox, for Appellant.
C. C. Wright, for Respondent.
JUDGES: In Bank. Chipman, C. Haynes, C., and Belcher, C., concurred. McFarland, J., Harrison, J., Garoutte, J., Van Fleet, J. Beatty, C. J., dissented. Temple, J., dissenting. Henshaw, J., concurred in the dissenting opinion.
OPINION
CHIPMAN, Judge
Plaintiff brought this action to obtain the judgment of the court that he was entitled to certain funds in the hands of the administrator of his deceased wife's estate. Plaintiff prevailed in the action, and this appeal is from the judgment in his favor and from the order denying motion for a new trial, and is presented by statement. A general demurrer to the complaint was overruled. The complaint and a supplementary amended complaint allege and the court found: That defendants Otis T. and Jane Bedell were husband and wife and the parents of deceased, Jennie R. Simons; July 10, 1890, one Julius Collins conveyed to said Jennie R. (before her marriage to plaintiff) lot 9 of the Abbott Kinney tract in the city of Los Angeles for the consideration of two thousand five hundred dollars, which was paid by the said Jane Bedell; thereafter, to wit, about January 1, 1892, and in contemplation of the marriage between the said Jennie and plaintiff, in addition to whatever right she had derived by said deed, Mrs. Bedell gave to her said lot 9; soon thereafter, to wit, about January 18, 1892, in contemplation [55 P. 4] of said marriage, said Jane executed and delivered to her said daughter Jennie a deed conveying to her certain real property in the city of New York of the value of about fifteen thousand dollars; thereafter, to wit, about February 15, 1892, the said Jane informed her said daughter Jennie that it was not just to her sister that she, Jennie, should have both the New York city and the Los Angeles property, and it was thereupon agreed between the said Jane and her daughter Jennie that the latter should execute and deliver to said Jane her obligation for two thousand five hundred dollars secured by mortgage on the New York property, and that by such execution of said obligation she, the said Jennie, would subsequently become the owner of said properties by free and unencumbered title; the note and mortgage were accordingly executed about February 15, 1892; on March 18, 1892, plaintiff and the said Jennie intermarried; the said Jennie paid on account of said indebtedness the sum of four hundred dollars and all interest to March 1, 1893; during the summer of 1892 she became afflicted with consumption and died on April 18, 1893; after plaintiff's said marriage he conveyed to his said wife certain real property situated in the city of Los Angeles, being certain lots in block C, Thomas tract; prior to the death of the said Jennie she "exhibited much solicitude and anxiety concerning the disposition of her property, and expressed the desire to said defendants Bedell to make a will and bequeath said lot 9 and said lots in block C to this plaintiff, and said New York property to her mother, the said defendant Jane"; the said Otis, father of deceased, represented to her that it was unnecessary to make a will and that it would incur unnecessary cost and expense and delay in its probate, and that if she would execute and deliver a deed to her mother of said New York property it would accomplish the same object, to which the said Jennie replied that she wanted plaintiff to have the Los Angeles property, to which the said Otis replied that if she would make a deed to her mother of the New York property, they, the defendants Bedell, would convey to plaintiff the Los Angeles property; relying upon the said representations of her father, she, on February 15, 1893, did make and deliver to him a deed conveying the New York property to her mother, and he agreed to hold the said deed during the lifetime of the said Jennie, and relying upon said promises of her said father she made no will; shortly after the death of the said Jennie (which occurred April 18, 1893) the said Otis delivered said deed to the said Jane, and she accepted the same; the court found, though it is not alleged in the complaint, that she was fully informed of said agreement made by the defendant Otis, as aforesaid. It was alleged and found that both she and said Otis have ever since the death of said Jennie refused and neglected to execute to plaintiff a deed to said Los Angeles property, though often requested so to do. It further appears from the complaint and the findings that plaintiff was appointed administrator of his wife's estate November 27, 1893, and that as such administrator he sold, under order of the court in 1895, all the said Los Angeles real property, the subject of the estate, and received the consideration paid; that in July, 1896, he resigned his trust, and defendant Bonebrake was appointed administrator; that plaintiff paid over to defendant Bonebrake the funds received for the sale of said property, who now holds the same as such administrator. The judgment of the court was "that all the funds in the hands of the said administrator. .. . derived from the sale of property described in the complaint, is the sole and separate property of plaintiff, deducting first therefrom all debts which have been duly presented and allowed against the estate of said Jennie R. Simons, deceased, and all costs and expenses to which said fund may be legally subjected during the course of administration," et cetera. It is conceded by defendants, and found by the court, that plaintiff and defendants Bedell are the sole heirs at law of deceased. There is much conflicting evidence, and upon certain facts found the court might have reached a different conclusion. But we think there was evidence tending to justify the findings, and we cannot say that the court erred in its adoption of the facts as found.
1. Defendants contend that the demurrer should have been sustained, as no cause of action was stated. The question was not presented by the demurrer, nor is it argued in the briefs as to the right of plaintiff to go into a court of equity to determine who is entitled to distribution -- a question which it seems to us was clearly within the powers of and should have been determined by the court sitting in probate. (Siddall v. Harrison , 73 Cal. 560.) We are not prepared to say, however, that the court was without jurisdiction, and as all parties seem to have treated the matter as properly brought before the court we shall so treat it. Defendants urge that there is nothing in the complaint to show that said Jennie "intended to and would have made a valid will bequeathing to plaintiff all her interest in the Los Angeles property" had it not been for the action of her parents; nor "that she would have bequeathed any part of her property to plaintiff if she had made a will"; that the complaint states the evidence instead of the ultimate facts, and that "evidentiary facts cannot be substituted in a pleading for an allegation of the facts to be put in issue." (Citing Green v. Palmer , 15 Cal. 415; 76 Am. Dec. 492; Thomas v. Desmond , 63 Cal. 426; Feeney v. Howard , 79 Cal. 525; 12 Am. St. Rep. 162; Harris v. Hillegass , 54 Cal. 463.) It is not distinctly alleged that the said Jennie abstained from making a will devising her Los Angeles property to plaintiff in consideration of the promise made to her by her father, that he and her mother would convey their interest in that property to plaintiff should she die, [55 P. 5] but we think it sufficiently appears from the complaint that the parties so regarded the agreement, and that she conveyed the New York property upon the understanding that her parents were to convey their interest in the Los Angeles property to plaintiff. We do not think that the rule with regard to pleading ultimate facts instead of the evidence of those facts is so far violated as to bring the pleading within the cases cited and to make it obnoxious to a general demurrer.
2. It is objected that there is no finding of fact that Otis T. was the agent of his wife Jane, nor is there any allegation of such agency in the complaint; and it is claimed that the finding that she was fully informed of the agreement made by Otis is not a finding that she had such knowledge when she accepted the deed to the New York property, and the finding is outside any issue raised in the pleading. It is not disputed that Mrs. Bedell was at her home in New York when the alleged agreement was made in Los Angeles, and that the knowledge came to her after the death of her daughter, plaintiff's wife. And Mrs. Bedell testified that her husband did not communicate to her the agreement as it is testified to by plaintiff and found by the court, but that the agreement was subject to her approval. There was evidence tending to support the finding as to the agreement, and the question is, Could the mother retain the title to the property and refuse to carry out the agreement under which it was conveyed? We do not see that it was at all necessary to allege or prove an agency in the husband from his wife. The New York property had been conveyed to plaintiff's wife by her mother. So, also, had the Los Angeles property been conveyed by her direction, and plaintiff had conveyed to her some property. In anticipation of death plaintiff's wife desired that the New York property should, in that event, go back to her mother and the Los Angeles property should go to her husband. Her father was there with her during her last illness, and to him she communicated her wishes and to him she committed their execution. It was his duty to correctly inform his wife of the conditions upon which his daughter had made the deed, and he could not deprive plaintiff of the benefits of the agreement by misrepresenting its conditions to the grantee of the deed. If she did not know the conditions at its delivery she did later, which was the same in contemplation of law, and it was her duty either to comply with them or surrender the property conveyed. We think the foregoing views are sustained by ample authority. Some of the cases will be found in notes to the text in Devlin on Deeds, sections 1073, 1074, 1077. (See, also, Lady Superior etc. v. McNamara, 3 Barb. Ch. 375; 49 Am. Dec. 184.)
3. It is claimed by appellant that the agreement upon which plaintiff relies is void under the statute of frauds, not having been in writing. (Citing Wittenbrock v. Cass , 110 Cal. 1.) It is also urged that, even if Otis T. could make such agreement for himself, he could not bind his wife. (Citing Civ. Code, sec. 3390.) The case cited was where a resulting trust not in writing was set up. Mrs. Cass had purchased the property with her own money and taken the title in her own name. Her agreement was to make a deed to her son and leave it in escrow until her death, in consideration of certain things to be done by him. It was held that no such trust arose. We do not think that case similar to the one here. Plaintiff's wife executed her deed, of property owned by her, to her mother without consideration, and delivered it in escrow to her father, to be delivered upon certain conditions and agreements. The condition of delivery happened, to wit, her death. She omitted to make provision for her husband by will and made no conveyance of the Los Angeles property to him, relying upon the conditions being performed upon which she made the conveyance to her mother. She owned both properties, and in fact conveyed to her mother property worth fifteen thousand dollars, subject to a mortgage to secure two thousand one hundred dollars, the amount then due; reserving to her husband lot 9, of the value of two thousand five hundred dollars, and the lots conveyed to her by him, which were sold at probate sale for the mortgage lien on them. The section of the code above referred to has no application to such a case, for there was here neither an obligation "to perform an act which the party had not the power lawfully to perform," nor "an agreement to procure the act or consent of the wife of the contracting party, or of any third person," in the sense there understood. It may be conceded that Mrs. Bedell could not be compelled to carry out the agreement, but she accepted the benefits and retained them, and equity will compel her to comply with the terms upon which such benefits were bestowed. She cannot profit by the act of one party to the agreement and repudiate her own obligation in respect of it. Her acceptance and retention of the consideration, after learning all the facts, was a ratification of the agreement by which it was paid. Equity and good conscience demand that the defendants Bedell either convey the New York property to the estate of Jennie Simons, deceased, or relinquish all claim upon the proceeds of the Los Angeles property. 4. It is further urged that under section 1093 of the Civil Code Mrs. Bedell cannot be compelled to convey her interest because she did not execute and acknowledge any instrument as prescribed by section 1186 and section 1191 of the same code. (Citing Jackson v. Torrence , 83 Cal. 521, where it is held that "specific performance cannot be compelled of an unacknowledged executory contract of a married woman to convey her separate property." ) Olson v. Lovell , 91 Cal. 508, is cited where Jackson v. Torrence, supra, is commented upon. The governing [55 P. 6] principles of those cases are so obviously dissimilar from the principles underlying the case before us that we deem it unnecessary to say more than that the sections of the code and the cases cited do not apply. Had this action been brought for specific performance, and before the Los Angeles property was sold by the probate court, we cannot see that any essential element would have been lacking. The contract was concluded, certain, unambiguous, mutual, and for valuable consideration; it was fair in all its parts, free from misrepresentation or misapprehension, fraud or mistake, imposition or surprise; it was neither an unconscionable nor hard bargain, nor was its performance oppressive upon the defendants; and it was such contract as was capable of execution through a decree of the court. (Pomeroy's Equity Jurisprudence, secs. 1404, 1405, and notes.) It is true that the Los Angeles property was sold by the probate court, and a conveyance by the Bedells to plaintiff of their interest could not well be decreed; but the proceeds of the sale remain within the control of the court, and it is within its power to make the alternative decree directing payment to plaintiff or that he is entitled to distribution thereof subject to the payment of debts, charges, and expenses of the estate.
5. The only errors claimed in the admission of testimony are two: 1. A witness was called by plaintiff to relate a conversation she had with Mrs. Bedell at Los Angeles about the property just before the marriage of her daughter. The ground of the objection was that "it had no relevancy to the case and the nature of the conversation was not shown." We think the question was relevant. 2. A witness was asked to state what plaintiff's wife said in the presence and hearing of her father with relation to the property matters between herself and her husband. The objection made at the trial was that the question was incompetent and immaterial. The objection now made is that Mrs. Bedell was not present. Mr. Bedell was present. The testimony was admissible as tending to prove the conditions upon which Mrs. Simons made the deed to her mother, even though the latter was not present. Counsel falls into error here as elsewhere in assuming that the previous knowledge and consent of Mrs. Bedell were necessary to bind her.
We discover no error in the judgment or order of the court, and therefore advise that they be affirmed.
For the reasons given in the foregoing opinion the judgment and order are affirmed.
DISSENT:
TEMPLE
TEMPLE, J., dissenting. I dissent. Conceding the validity of the contract stated in the principal opinion, it is nothing more than this: In consideration that Mrs. Simons would deed to her mother the New York property and would not make a will, defendants Bedell would convey to plaintiff, after the death of Mrs. Simons, the Los Angeles property. As Mrs. Simons owned the Los Angeles property, and under the contract was expected to die such owner, the title which defendants were to convey was what they would inherit from their daughter. Had they conveyed this to the plaintiff, their deed would not have authorized plaintiff to recover the property from the administrator. He would take as heir, and an heir cannot recover the property from the administrator before distribution. Bonebrake is administrator and holds the property as such. The estate has not yet been distributed. (McDaniel v. Pattison , 98 Cal. 86; Siddal v. Harrison , 73 Cal. 560.)
After the death of his wife plaintiff was appointed administrator and had the Los Angeles property sold and then resigned. A successor was appointed, and this suit was brought. In a suit for specific performance, which this is, it seems clear to me that the money must take the place of the real estate. Such it was when the alleged contract was made, and it seems quite obvious to me that, even conceding that Otis T. was authorized to contract for his wife, the contract was within the statute of frauds. Wittenbrock v. Cass , 110 Cal. 1, seems altogether in point, except that this is a much plainer case than that was. There is not and cannot be a pretense of part performance here. Supposing, therefore, that Mrs. Bedell did ratify the agreement by accepting the deed, the contract is void.
Nor do I think there is any evidence to sustain the finding that Mrs. Bedell accepted the deed with full knowledge of the alleged contract. To the contrary, all the evidence upon the subject is to the effect that she was told that her husband had only told Mrs. Simons that they would convey the property if his wife, Mrs. Bedell, approved of it, subject to a mortgage for the amount of the debt on the New York property. Plaintiff's testimony and his letters all tend to show this.
I also think the case is, in principle, within the decision in Jackson v. Torrence , 83 Cal. 521, and that there was grave error in the admission in evidence of the statements of plaintiff's wife -- not made at the time of the alleged contract, but subsequent thereto -- as against Mrs. Bedell. It is assumed that the property had all belonged to Mrs. Bedell as her separate property.
Suggestion is made, however, that the evidence discloses that all the property was community property of Mr. and Mrs. Bedell. If so, then title to the New York property did not pass by Mrs. Bedell's deed to Mrs. Simons, and there was no consideration for the alleged agreement.
It might be argued with some plausibility that upon the facts found a suit might be maintained to cancel the deed to the New York property, but I am unable to comprehend any relief to [55 P. 7] which the plaintiff is entitled under those facts in regard to the Los Angeles property.