Summary
In Retired Public Employees Assoc., Inc. v. Cuomo, 123 A.D.3d 92 (3d Dep't 2014), the plaintiffs argued that Civil Service Law § 167(8) constituted an unconstitutional delegation of legislative authority.
Summary of this case from Spence v. CuomoOpinion
2014-10-16
In the Matter of RETIRED PUBLIC EMPLOYEES ASSOCIATION, INC., et al., Appellants, v. Andrew CUOMO, as Governor of the State of New York, et al., Respondents.
Law Office of Robert L. Beebe, Clifton Park (Robert L. Beebe of counsel), for appellants. Eric T. Schneiderman, Attorney General, Albany (Julie M. Sheridan of counsel), for respondents.
Law Office of Robert L. Beebe, Clifton Park (Robert L. Beebe of counsel), for appellants. Eric T. Schneiderman, Attorney General, Albany (Julie M. Sheridan of counsel), for respondents.
Before: PETERS, P.J., STEIN, GARRY, EGAN JR. and CLARK, JJ.
PETERS, P.J.
Appeal from a judgment of the Supreme Court (Ceresia Jr., J.), entered January 2, 2013 in Albany County, which, in a combined proceeding pursuant to CPLR article 78 and action for declaratory judgment, among other things, partially granted respondents' motion to dismiss the petition/ complaint.
Petitioners are former New York State employees who are receiving a retirement allowance from the state and a lobbying association representing the interests of similarly situated individuals for whom the state pays a percentage of their health insurance cost. Prior to 2011, the state was contributing 100% towards the health insurance premiums for retirees who retired prior to January 1, 1983 and 90% for those who retired thereafter (as well as 75% of the premiums for dependent coverage), pursuant to the fixed contribution rates set forth in Civil Service Law § 167(1)(a). In August 2011, to address severe fiscal challenges, the Legislature amended Civil Service Law § 167 to permit reductions in the state's contribution towards health insurance premiums in the event that a collective bargaining agreement between the state and an employee organization so provided ( seeCivil Service Law § 167[8] ). The amendment also expressly authorized any such modification in contribution rates to be extended to employees and retirees not covered by a collective bargaining agreement. Specifically, Civil Service Law § 167(8), as amended, provides:
“Notwithstanding any inconsistent provision of law, where and to the extent that an agreement between the state and an employee organization entered into pursuant to article [14] of this chapter so provides, the state cost of premium or subscription charges for eligible employees covered by such agreement may be modified pursuant to the terms of such agreement. The president, with the approval of the director of the budget, may extend the modified state cost of premium or subscription charges for employees or retirees not subject to an agreement referenced above and shall promulgate the necessary rules or regulations to implement this provision.”
In September 2011, after the state and an employee organization entered into a collective bargaining agreement that reduced the state's contribution to current employees' health insurance premiums by between 2% and 6% (depending upon the employee's grade), such reduction was extended to retirees, including plaintiffs, who retired on or after January 1, 1983 pursuant to Civil Service Law § 167(8). The Department of Civil Service subsequently promulgated emergency regulations implementing the reduced state contribution rates effective October 1, 2011 ( see4 NYCRR 73.3[b] ).
Petitioners commenced this combined CPLR article 78 proceeding and action for declaratory judgment challenging the state's reduced percentage contribution towards their health insurance benefits, seeking, among other things, a declaration that any such reduction was null and void, an injunction barring respondents from implementing such a reduction through regulations and an order that any increased payments by retirees be refunded. In lieu of answering, respondents moved to dismiss the petition/complaint for failure to state a cause of action. Supreme Court granted respondents' motion to dismiss the petition and declared that the administrative actions to implement the increase in retiree contributions and the corresponding regulations were valid. Petitioners appeal.
Petitioners argue that Civil Service Law § 167 is internally inconsistent to the extent that it imposes a fixed contribution rate for retiree health insurance while concomitantly authorizing modification of those statutory rates, and they urge this Court to harmonize the statute's provisions by declaring that Civil Service Law § 167(8) applies only prospectively. We begin our analysis with the familiar maxim that the text of a statute is the best evidence of legislative intent and, “where the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, the court should construe it so as to give effect to the plain meaning of the words used” (Commonwealth of N. Mariana Is. v. Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, 21 N.Y.3d 55, 60, 967 N.Y.S.2d 876, 990 N.E.2d 114 [2013] [internal quotation marks, brackets and citations omitted]; see Matter of DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Spitzer, 7 N.Y.3d 653, 660, 827 N.Y.S.2d 88, 860 N.E.2d 705 [2006]; Majewski v. Broadalbin–Perth Cent. School Dist., 91 N.Y.2d 577, 583, 673 N.Y.S.2d 966, 696 N.E.2d 978 [1998] ). It is also fundamental that a statute must be considered as a whole and its various sections construed with reference to one another and in a way that renders them internally compatible ( see Matter of Albany Law School v. New York State Off. of Mental Retardation & Dev. Disabilities, 19 N.Y.3d 106, 120, 945 N.Y.S.2d 613, 968 N.E.2d 967 [2012]; Yatauro v. Mangano, 17 N.Y.3d 420, 426, 931 N.Y.S.2d 36, 955 N.E.2d 343 [2011]; Friedman v. Connecticut Gen. Life Ins. Co., 9 N.Y.3d 105, 115, 846 N.Y.S.2d 64, 877 N.E.2d 281 [2007] ).
Applying these principles here, we conclude that Civil Service Law § 167(8) plainly and unambiguously permits modification of the fixed contribution rates for retiree health insurance premiums set forth in Civil Service Law § 167(1)(a). Civil Service Law § 167(8) begins with the phrase “[n]otwithstanding any inconsistent provision of law,” which is a “verbal formulation frequently employed for legislative directives intended to preempt any other potentially conflicting statute, wherever found in the [s]tate's laws” (People v. Mitchell, 15 N.Y.3d 93, 97, 905 N.Y.S.2d 115, 931 N.E.2d 84 [2010]; see Matter of Niagara County v. Power Auth. of State of N.Y., 82 A.D.3d 1597, 1601, 919 N.Y.S.2d 618 [2011], lv. dismissed and denied17 N.Y.3d 838, 930 N.Y.S.2d 533, 954 N.E.2d 1158 [2011] ). It then provides that the state and an employee organization may enter into a collective bargaining agreement to modify “the state cost of premium or subscription charges for eligible employees” set forth in Civil Service Law § 167(1)(a), and expressly grants the President of the Civil Service Commission the discretion to extend any such modification in contribution rates to “employees or retirees” not covered by a collective bargaining agreement (Civil Service Law § 167[8] ). Thus, while Civil Service Law § 167(1)(a) provides for a fixed percentage contribution, the explicit command of the Legislature in Civil Service Law § 167(8) makes clear that the former provision does not apply where it would otherwise conflict with Civil Service Law § 167(8). As the plain language renders these provisions internally compatible, “there is no room for construction and [we] have no right to add to or take away from that meaning” (Majewski v. Broadalbin–Perth Cent. Sch. Dist., 91 N.Y.2d at 583, 673 N.Y.S.2d 966, 696 N.E.2d 978 [internal quotation marks and citation omitted]; see Matter of Jessica D. v. Jeremy H., 77 A.D.3d 87, 91, 906 N.Y.S.2d 119 [2010]; see also People v. Finnegan, 85 N.Y.2d 53, 58, 623 N.Y.S.2d 546, 647 N.E.2d 758 [1995], cert. denied516 U.S. 919, 116 S.Ct. 311, 133 L.Ed.2d 214 [1995] ). Notably, the legislative history of the 2011 amendments to Civil Service Law § 167(8) confirms that the amendment was intended “to provide authority to modify the employer and employee shares of health premium and subscription costs under the New York State Health Insurance Plan” (Senate Introducer Mem. in Support, Bill Jacket, L. 2011, ch. 491, at 9). Given the Legislature's expressed intent to authorize a modification in the state's contribution rate towards retiree health insurance premiums under the circumstances present here, we conclude that respondents' actions in effectuating the reduced state contribution rates was both lawful and in compliance with the statute.
Petitioners next claim that they have a contractual and vested property right to the percentage contribution rate set forth in Civil Service Law § 167(1)(a), and that any decrease in that contribution rate violates their rights under the Contracts Clause of the U.S. Constitution and the Due Process Clause of the N.Y. Constitution. In so arguing, petitioners do not allege the existence of any express contractual agreement, but instead rely solely upon Civil Service Law § 167(1)(a) as the source of the alleged vested rights.
“[B]efore a law may be deemed to amount to a contract between the [s]tate and a third party, the statutory language must be examined and found to be ‘plain and susceptible of no other reasonable construction’ than that a contract was intended” ( Pennsylvania R.R. Co. v. State of New York, 11 N.Y.2d 504, 511, 230 N.Y.S.2d 1004, 184 N.E.2d 588 [1962], quoting Stanislaus County v. San Joaquin & King's Riv. Canal & Irrigation Co., 192 U.S. 201, 208, 24 S.Ct. 241, 48 L.Ed. 406 [1904]; see Cook v. City of Binghamton, 48 N.Y.2d 323, 330, 422 N.Y.S.2d 919, 398 N.E.2d 525 [1979] ). Indeed, “certain types of legislative acts, including those fixing salaries and compensation, ... [give rise to the presumption that the] ‘law is not intended to create private contractual or vested rights but merely declares a policy to be pursued until the legislature shall ordain otherwise’ ” ( Cook v. City of Binghamton, 48 N.Y.2d at 330, 422 N.Y.S.2d 919, 398 N.E.2d 525, quoting Dodge v. Board of Ed. of City of Chicago, 302 U.S. 74, 79, 58 S.Ct. 98, 82 L.Ed. 57 [1937] ).
Petitioners' reliance on Kolbe v. Tibbetts, 22 N.Y.3d 344, 980 N.Y.S.2d 903, 3 N.E.3d 1151 (2013)—wherein the Court of Appeals concluded that a collective bargaining agreement can, under certain circumstances, give rise to a vested right to retiree health insurance at a specified level—is therefore misplaced.
We find nothing in the language of Civil Service Law § 167(1)(a) to constitute “clear and irresistible evidence” that the Legislature intended to “fetter[ ] its power in the future” with respect to retirees' health insurance contributions (Pennsylvania R.R. Co. v. State of New York, 11 N.Y.2d at 511, 230 N.Y.S.2d 1004, 184 N.E.2d 588; see Matter of Handy v. County of Schoharie, 244 A.D.2d 842, 843, 665 N.Y.S.2d 708 [1997] ). Notably, the statute does not contain any “words of contract” or employ any terms that signal an intent to create a contractual or vested right (Cook v. City of Binghamton, 48 N.Y.2d at 330, 422 N.Y.S.2d 919, 398 N.E.2d 525; see Dodge v. Board of Ed. of Chicago, 302 U.S. at 79, 58 S.Ct. 98; compareN.Y. Const., art. V, § 7 [pension benefits “shall be a contractual relationship”] ). Under such circumstances, Civil Service Law § 167(1)(a) is more reasonably read as a policy determination regarding the state's contribution rate towards retiree health insurance premiums that is subject to later change at the will of the Legislature ( see Dodge v. Board of Ed. of Chicago, 302 U.S. at 81, 58 S.Ct. 98; Cook v. City of Binghamton, 48 N.Y.2d at 330–331, 422 N.Y.S.2d 919, 398 N.E.2d 525; Matter of Handy v. County of Schoharie, 244 A.D.2d at 843–844, 665 N.Y.S.2d 708; Methodist Hosp. of Brooklyn v. State Ins. Fund, 102 A.D.2d 367, 379–380, 479 N.Y.S.2d 11 [1984], affd. 64 N.Y.2d 365, 486 N.Y.S.2d 905, 476 N.E.2d 304 [1985] ).
Finally, we reject petitioners' contention that Civil Service Law § 167(8) constitutes an unconstitutional delegation of legislative authority. “[W]hile the Legislature cannot delegate its lawmaking functions to other bodies, there is no constitutional prohibition against the delegation of power to an agency or commission to administer the laws promulgated by the Legislature, provided that power is circumscribed by reasonable safeguards and standards” (Matter of Carpenter Tech. Corp. v. Commissioner of Taxation & Fin., 295 A.D.2d 830, 834, 745 N.Y.S.2d 86 [2002], lv. denied99 N.Y.2d 501, 752 N.Y.S.2d 588, 782 N.E.2d 566 [2002]; see Brightonian Nursing Home v. Daines, 21 N.Y.3d 570, 579, 977 N.Y.S.2d 147, 999 N.E.2d 510 [2013]; Boreali v. Axelrod, 71 N.Y.2d 1, 10, 523 N.Y.S.2d 464, 517 N.E.2d 1350 [1987] ). Here, the power given to the President of the Civil Service Commission, with the approval of the Budget Director, to modify health insurance contribution rates for retirees and non-represented state employees is entirely dependent upon—and limited by the terms of—a negotiated agreement between the state and an employee organization modifying the contribution rates for current represented employees ( seeCivil Service Law § 167[8] ). Contrary to petitioners' contention, the standard set forth by the Legislature—that any change in the retiree statutory contribution rate must be tied to a collectively bargained rate—provides adequate guidance for the exercise of that discretion, as “there need not be a specific and detailed legislative expression authorizing a particular executive act [where, as here,] the basic policy decisions underlying the [actions authorized] have been made and articulated by the Legislature” (Dalton v. Pataki, 5 N.Y.3d 243, 262–263, 802 N.Y.S.2d 72, 835 N.E.2d 1180 [2005] [internal quotation marks and citation omitted]; see Matter of Medical Socy. of State of N.Y. v. Serio, 100 N.Y.2d 854, 865, 768 N.Y.S.2d 423, 800 N.E.2d 728 [2003] ).
ORDERED that the judgment is affirmed, without costs.
STEIN, GARRY, EGAN JR. and CLARK, JJ., concur.