Summary
In Quinlan v. Breslin, 61 R.I. 327, 330, this court said that probable cause to initiate a prosecution exists when there is "a state of facts sufficient to cause an ordinarily careful and prudent person to believe the accused guilty."
Summary of this case from Cook v. LesterOpinion
July 20, 1938.
PRESENT: Flynn, C.J., Moss, Capotosto, Baker and Condon, JJ.
(1) Non Suit. On a motion for a non suit, the credibility of the witnesses or the weight of the evidence are not open to consideration by the court.
(2) Non Suit. A non suit is improperly entered, if construing the testimony and the reasonable inferences therefrom most favorably to the plaintiff, such testimony and inferences raise issues of fact requiring explanation by defendant.
(3) Malicious Prosecution. Although public policy favors prosecution for crime, yet one instituting such proceedings must act in good faith and on reasonable grounds.
(4) Malicious Prosecution. Probable Cause. Probable cause in a prosecution for crime, is the existence of a state of facts sufficient to cause an ordinarily careful and prudent person to believe the accused guilty.
(5) Malicious Prosecution. The issue in an action for malicious prosecution, is not whether defendant had reasonable grounds to swear out a private complaint for the alleged crime, but rather whether defendant had reasonable grounds to do so against the plaintiff.
(6) Malicious Prosecution. In an action for malicious prosecution on a criminal charge, it is incumbent on the plaintiff to adduce whatever proof he has, even though negative in character, which, when reasonably construed, will be legally sufficient to establish a prima facie case. Such proof in the absence of explanation by defendant, will ordinarily raise a presumption of the want of probable cause, which defendant, who has actual knowledge of the facts, is called upon to meet with competent evidence of probable cause.
(7) Malicious Prosecution. Where a plaintiff brought about the dismissal of her private complaint against the plaintiff by failing to prosecute the same, this amounted to a voluntary dismissal of the prosecution, and the fact that the attorney on the day of the trial stated to the court that plaintiff was not the one who had committed the crime, does not alter the situation.
(8) Malicious Prosecution. The failure of a defendant to prosecute a criminal charge, thereby causing the discharge of the plaintiff, was prima facie evidence of the want of probable cause in an action for malicious prosecution and the presumption thus created against her, called for the presentation of competent evidence by her that there was in fact probable cause for instituting the criminal proceedings.
(9) Malicious Prosecution. The question of malice arises from the want of probable cause if the circumstances warrant a finding of malice.
(10) Malicious Prosecution. Malice. Malice may be inferred from the want of probable cause.
(11) Malicious Prosecution. It is not necessary to prove actual ill will in order to establish malice.
(12) Malicious Prosecution. A wanton disregard of the rights of others or reckless and oppressive conduct may furnish reasonable ground for inferring malice from want of probable cause according to the circumstances in each particular case.
(13) Malicious Prosecution. Malice may reasonably be inferred if the evidence tends to prove that criminal proceedings were instituted for the private purpose of enforcing a civil claim and not for the purpose of vindicating the law.
(14) Malicious Prosecution. The question of whether a defendant sued for malicious prosecution, acted without probable cause and maliciously instituted criminal proceedings for assault and battery, against plaintiff who was not present at the time or place of the alleged assault, is one for the jury.
TRESPASS ON THE CASE for malicious prosecution. Heard on exception of plaintiff and exception sustained.
Armenag Thomasian, Charles A. Curran, for plaintiff.
Briggs Doyle, David P. Doyle, for defendant.
This is an action on the case for malicious prosecution of the plaintiff on a criminal charge of assault and battery. It was tried before a justice of the superior court, sitting with a jury, who, at the conclusion of the plaintiff's case, granted the defendant's motion for a nonsuit. The case is before us solely on the plaintiff's exception to this ruling.
The facts are practically undisputed. The evidence shows that the plaintiff was arrested by the police of the city of Cranston and delivered into the custody of the police of the city of Warwick on a private complaint for an alleged assault and battery on the person of this defendant. Upon entering a plea of not guilty in the criminal case, the plaintiff here was admitted to bail, and on the day fixed by the court he duly appeared with his attorney, ready for trial. On that day the prosecutrix, the defendant in the instant case, did not appear, but her attorney did. When the criminal case was called for trial, the attorney informed the court that the present plaintiff was not the person guilty of the assault and battery upon his client, as she had sworn in her private complaint which was then before the court. The court thereupon dismissed the complaint and discharged the defendant, the present plaintiff.
The plaintiff testified that he had never seen the defendant; that he was not in the city of Warwick at the place where the defendant claimed the alleged assault and battery was committed; and that on the day in question he was working in the city of Cranston. He further testified that, prior to his arrest, he received a letter from a firm of attorneys informing him that they were retained by the defendant "to bring prosecution — for damages" against him because of the alleged assault and battery, but that he ignored this letter because he did not know the defendant and had not committed such offense. There was also testimony from the plaintiff tending to show direct damage to him as a result of the criminal case which the defendant had brought against him.
On this state of the evidence, the trial justice granted the defendant's motion for a nonsuit on the grounds that the plaintiff had presented no evidence of the want of probable cause or of malice on the part of the defendant. In this stage of the case, the credibility of the witnesses or the weight of the evidence was not open to consideration by the trial justice. The nonsuit was improperly entered if, construing the testimony and the reasonable inferences therefrom most favorably to the plaintiff in accordance with our well-established rule, such testimony and inferences raised issues of fact requiring explanation by the defendant.
Although public policy favors prosecution for crime, yet a person instituting such proceedings must act in good faith and upon reasonable grounds. Probable cause in a prosecution for crime is the existence of a state of facts sufficient to cause an ordinarily careful and prudent person to believe the accused guilty. Fox v. Smith, 25 R.I. 255. The issue on this point in the instant case was not whether the defendant had reasonable grounds to swear out a private complaint for assault and battery, but rather whether she had reasonable grounds to do so against this plaintiff. While it is true that the burden of proving want of probable cause is upon the plaintiff, such proof in the first instance is, in the nature of things, usually of a negative character, as the motives and circumstances which induce a defendant to act, as the defendant did in the instant case, are best known to the defendant. Brown v. Selfridge, 224 U.S. 189; 18 R.C.L. 51. It was incumbent on the plaintiff here to adduce whatever proof he had, even though negative in character, which, when reasonably construed would be legally sufficient to establish a prima facie case. Such proof, in the absence of explanation by the defendant, will ordinarily raise a presumption of the want of probable cause, which the defendant, who has actual knowledge of the facts, is called upon to meet with competent evidence of probable cause.
The defendant here brought about the dismissal of her private complaint against the plaintiff by failing to prosecute the same. In so far as she was concerned, this amounts to a voluntary dismissal of the prosecution. The fact that her attorney, on the day set for the trial of the case, stated to the court that the plaintiff was not the person who had assaulted the defendant does not alter the situation. The failure of the defendant to prosecute the criminal case, thereby causing the discharge of the plaintiff, was prima facie evidence of the want of probable cause, and the presumption, thus created against her, called for the presentation of competent evidence by her that there was in fact probable cause for instituting the criminal proceedings. If the defendant had probable cause, then the dismissal of such proceedings will not render their institution actionable. See Kolka v. Jones, 6 N.D. 461; Williams v. Vanmeter, 8 Mo. 339. The existence or want of probable cause was, therefore, an issue of fact in the instant case, which the defendant was required to meet by competent evidence.
The question of malice, which also is an issue of fact, arises from the want of probable cause if the circumstances warrant a finding of malice. Malice may be inferred from the want of probable cause. It is not necessary to prove actual ill will in order to establish malice. A wanton disregard of the rights of others, or reckless and oppressive conduct, may furnish reasonable ground for inferring malice from the want of probable cause, according to the circumstances in each particular case. Atkinson v. Birmingham, 44 R.I. 123. Furthermore, malice may reasonably be inferred, if the evidence shows or tends to show that the criminal proceedings were instituted for the private purpose of enforcing a civil claim and not for the purpose of vindicating the law. See Atkinson v. Birmingham, supra, at
So far as the record before us discloses, the plaintiff was not present at the time or place of the alleged assault on the defendant. If she acted without probable cause in instituting the criminal proceedings, then the question of malice would arise, and its existence would depend upon all the circumstances and reasonable inferences therefrom, including the letter from the defendant's attorneys notifying the plaintiff that they had been retained by the defendant "to bring prosecution — for damages" for the alleged assault and battery on her.
The trial justice erred in nonsuiting the plaintiff in the circumstances of this case.
The plaintiff's exception is sustained, and the case is remitted to the superior court for a new trial.