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In Ptasznik, then-Justice Albert Rosenblatt defined the test for judicial notice as "whether the fact rests upon knowledge or sources so widely accepted and unimpeachable that it need not be evidentiarily proven" (id. at 198, citing Hunter v New York, Ontario W. R.R. Co., 116 NY 615).
Summary of this case from Kingsbrook v. AllstateOpinion
November 9, 1998
Appeal from the Supreme Court (Joan Marie Durante, J.).
Gary Schultz, New York City, appellant pro se, and for remaining appellants.
Sweeney, Gallo Reich, Sunnyside (Michael H. Reich and Meryl H. Gorelick of counsel), for respondent.
At trial, the primary question for the jury was whether the plaintiffs decedent gave the defendants certain sums of money by way of loan, as the plaintiff claimed, or by way of gift, as the defendants claimed. During his summation, the plaintiffs attorney, stated that the deceased could; in effect, "speak to us" and, over the defendants' objection, read to the jury the contents of an affidavit of the deceased in which the deceased characterized the moneys as loaned. The affidavit had been in the Supreme Court's file, but had not been marked or introduced into evidence before the summations. During deliberations, the jury asked to see the affidavit. The court permitted the affidavit, marked as a "court exhibit", to be given to the jury.
The jury found that the deceased had loaned the defendants the moneys; The defendants assert that admission of the affidavit constitutes reversible error. The plaintiff responds that it was proper for the court to take "judicial notice" of the affidavit, as it was part of the court's file. We hold that the court erred in admitting the affidavit, and because the error may not be considered harmless, reversal and a new trial is required.
Judicial notice of law is covered under CPLR 4511. Judicial notice of adjudicative-type facts, however, has long been a matter of decisional law. The test is whether the fact rests upon knowledge or sources so widely accepted and unimpeachable that it need not be evidentiarily proven (Hunter v. New York, Ontario W.R.R. Co., 116 N.Y. 615). The most obvious illustrations are matters such as calendar dates (Mars Assocs. v. New York City Educ. Constr. Fund, 126 A.D.2d 178, 183), and such unassailably established facts as, for example, geographical locations (Northeastern Shares Corp. v. International Ins. Co., 240 App. Div. 80, affd 265 N.Y. 574) or sunrise times (People v. McCray, 61 A.D.2d 860; see generally, 9 Wigmore, Evidence § 2565, at 694 [Chadbourn rev ed]).
In some instances, and under certain circumstances, undisputed portions of court files or official records, such as prior orders or kindred documents, may be judicially noticed (e.g., Matter of Allcity Ins. Co. [Kondak], 66 A.D.2d 531, 533; People v. Singleton, 36 A.D.2d 725; People ex rel. Bloom v. Collins, 277 App. Div. 21, 23, affd 302 N.Y. 603; cf., Sleasman v. Sherwood, 212 A.D.2d 868, 870). No authoritative case has ever held, however that an item may be considered and weighed by the finder of fact merely because the item, however unauthenticated and unreliable it may be, happened to repose in the courts file. Polygraph test results, for example, that are otherwise inadmissible (e.g., Matter of Sowa v. Looney, 23 N.Y.2d 329) are not rendered admissible merely because they happen to be part of the paperwork filed with the court.
Several opinions in other jurisdictions have aptly and repeatedly commented on the seemingly widespread but mistaken notion that an item is judicially noticeable merely because it is part of the "court file" (see, Sosinsky v. Grant, 6 Cal.App.4th 1548, 1564, 8 Cal.Rptr.2d 552, 561; Bach v. McNelis, 207 Cal.App.3d 852, 864, 255 Cal.Rptr. 232, 238; Milton v. State, 429 So.2d 804, 805 [Fla]). Court files are often replete with letters, affidavits, legal briefs, privileged or confidential data, in camera materials, fingerprint records, probation reports, as well as depositions that may contain unredacted gossip and all manner of hearsay and opinion. Accordingly, we reject the plaintiff's argument that the affidavit in question was admissible as a judicially noticeable court record (see, Matter of Crater Club v. Adirondack Park Agency, 86 A.D.2d 714, affd 57 N.Y.2d 990; see also, Ernst v. Child Youth Servs., 108 F.3d 486, 498-499, cert denied 522 U.S. 850, 118 S.Ct 139; Hinton v. Department of Justice, 844 F.2d 126, 130, n. 1 [3d Cir 1988]; see generally, 8 Carmody Wait 2d, N.Y.Prac § 56:31).
On another point, we find that the court did not err in precluding the defendants from testifying as to their communications with the decedent regarding whether the money he gave to them was a gift or a loan (see, Matter of Wood, 52 N.Y.2d 139). We also find that Rubin Schultz wife, Shirley, should not be held liable to the estate for any part of the $90,000 given by the decedent solely to her husband. The defendants' remaining contentions are without merit. Accordingly, the judgment is reversed, on the law, with costs, the complaint is dismissed insofar as asserted against the defendant Shirley Schultz, the action against the remaining defendants is severed, and a new trial is granted to the plaintiffs against the defendants Rubin Schultz, Gary Schultz, and Jeanne Schultz.
MANGANO, P.J., RITTER and ALTMAN, JJ., concur.
Ordered that the judgment is reversed, on the law, with costs, the complaint is dismissed, insofar as it is asserted against the defendant Shirley Schultz, the action against the remaining defendants is severed, and the matter is remitted for a new trial as to the defendants Rubin Schultz, Gary Schultz, and Jeanne Schultz only.