Summary
finding the plaintiff's connection to this District “tenuous” because plaintiff was a “ ‘non-practicing entity,’ ” who did “not research and develop new technology but rather acquire [d] patents, license[d] the technology, and sue[d] alleged infringers”
Summary of this case from ComScore, Inc. v. Integral Ad Sci., Inc.Opinion
1:10cv1288 (LMB/JFA).
January 27, 2011.
Mark W. Wasserman, Brent Ryan Gary, Matthew Robertson Sheldon, Reed Smith LLP, Falls Church, VA, for Plaintiff.
Justin Patrick Daniel Wilcox, Scott Allen Cole, Cooley LLP, Reston, VA, Veronica Susana Ascarrunz, Wilson Sonsini Goodrich Rosati PC, David Marion Foster, Kimberly Sullivan Walker, Fulbright Jaworski LLP, Washington, DC, David Evan Finkelson, McGuirewoods LLP, Richmond, VA, for Defendants. Article 51: Untitled
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before the Court is the Defendants' Joint Motion to Transfer Venue Pursuant to 14 U.S.C. § 1404(a) ("Mot. to Transfer") [Dkt. No. 38], in which all four defendants in this patent infringement lawsuit move to transfer venue to the Northern District of California, where three of the four defendant corporations are headquartered. We dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before us and argument would not aid the decisional process. For the reasons stated below, the motion to transfer will be granted.
I. Background
In 2007, inventors J. Chris Lauwers, Keith A. Lantz, Gerald J. Burnett, Lester F. Ludwig, and Emmett R. Burns filed three patent applications for the storage, distribution, and playback of media files, U.S. Patent Application Nos. 11/737,723 ("`723 application"), 11/668,625 ("`625 application), and 11/669,003 ("`003 application"). Exs. A, B, and C to Compl. Lauwers, Lantz, and Burnett live in the Northern District of California. Ludwig lives in Texas, and Burns lives in Montana. The attorney who prosecuted the applications, Craig P. Opperman, works in Reed Smith LLP's Palo Alto, California office. Mot. to Transfer at 5. When the applications were filed, the intellectual property was owned by Vicor, Inc., of Palo Alto., California. See Ex. 3 to Mot. to Transfer.
In January 2009, Avistar Communications Corporation ("Avistar"), based in San Mateo, California, was assigned the pending patents. Burnett is Avistar's chairman, and Lauwers is its Chief Technology Officer. Mot. to Transfer at 4. In December 2009, Avistar assigned the intellectual property portfolio to Intellectual Ventures, a patent aggregator. Exs. 2 and 3 to Mot. to Transfer.
On June 1, 2010, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued the `723 application as U.S. Patent No. 7,730,132 ("`132 Patent"). Eight days later, on June 9, 2010, plaintiff Pragmatus AV, LLC was incorporated in Alexandria. Ex. 1 to Mot. to Dismiss. Pragmatus is jointly owned by William A. Marino and Anthony Grillo, and is "engaged in the business of owning and managing" its patent portfolio. Mem. in Opp. to Defs.' Joint Mot. to Transfer Venue Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) ("Opp.") at 2. Marino works in Virginia four days a week and has owned
his home in Alexandria since 2007. Grillo lives in Pennsylvania.See Ex. 1 to Opp. On June 16, 2010, Pragmatus acquired the `132 patent and the pending `625 and `003 applications from Intellectual Ventures. Ex. 3 to Mot. to Transfer. On October 26, 2010, the `625 application was issued as U.S. Patent No. 7,822,813 ("`813 Patent"). On November 9, 2010, the `003 application was issued as U.S. Patent No. 7,831,663 ("`663 Patent"). Id.
On November 15, 2010, Pragmatus filed this civil action against four defendants: Facebook, Inc. ("Facebook"), LinkedIn Corporation ("LinkedIn"), Photobucket.com, Inc. ("Photobucket"), and YouTube LLC ("YouTube"), alleging that the video uploading and linking technology on the companies' websites directly and indirectly infringes the three patents. Facebook, YouTube, and LinkedIn are headquartered in the Northern District of California. Photobucket is headquartered in Denver, Colorado and has an office in San Francisco. Neither Facebook nor Photobucket have any offices or employees in Virginia. LinkedIn has one technical employee who works part time in Virginia. YouTube's parent company, Google, has about 50 employees in Reston Virginia, but none of the employees work on YouTube's research, development, or design.
II. Discussion
"For the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the interest of justice, a district court may transfer any civil action to any other district or division where it might have been brought." 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). "[I]n considering whether to transfer venue, a district court must make two inquiries: (1) whether the claims might have been brought in the transferee forum, and (2) whether the interest of justice and convenience of the parties and witnesses justify transfer to that forum."Agilent Tech., Inc. v. Micromuse, Inc., 316 F. Supp. 2d 322, 324-25 (E.D. Va. 2004) (citation omitted). The movant carries the burden of establishing the propriety of the transfer request and the ultimate decision is committed to the sound discretion of the district court. Id. at 325.
A. Whether the claims might have been brought in the Northern District of California
Under 28 U.S.C. § 1400(b), venue in patent infringement lawsuits is proper in any "district where the defendant resides, or where the defendant has committed acts of infringement and has a regular and established place of business." 28 U.S.C. § 1400(b). A corporate defendant resides in any district in which it is subject to personal jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. § 1391(c).
Facebook, YouTube, and LinkedIn are headquartered in the Northern District of California and therefore reside there and are subject to personal jurisdiction in that forum. Mot. to Transfer at 1. Photobucket has an office in San Francisco and does business in the district. See Decl. of Photobucket.com Inc. in Supp. of Defs.' Mot. to Transfer. Pragmatus does not dispute defendants' claim that the Northern District of California has personal jurisdiction over the defendants. Therefore, this civil action could have been brought in that district.
B. Whether transfer is convenient to parties and witnesses and in the interests of justice
The second prong of the 1404(a) analysis is a balancing test that weighs "(1) plaintiff's choice of forum, (2) convenience of the parties, (3) witness convenience and access, and (4) the interest of justice." Heinz Kettler GmbH Co. v. Razor USA, LLC, Case No. 1:10cv708, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 119954, at *16 (E.D. Va. Nov. 5, 2010).
1. Plaintiff's choice of forum
The plaintiff's choice of forum "is typically entitled to substantial weight, especially where the chosen forum is the plaintiff's home or bears a substantial relation to the cause of action." Id., at *17. The level of deference to a plaintiff's forum choice "varies with the significance of the contacts between the venue chosen by plaintiff and the underlying cause of action." Board of Trustees v. Baylor Heating Air Conditioning, Inc., 702 F. Supp. 1253, 1256 (E.D. Va. 1988).
Pragmatus argues that because it is based in the Eastern District of Virginia, its choice of this forum is entitled to substantial deference. Opp. at 6. Defendants argue that Pragmatus's choice of forum "is entitled to little if any weight" because there is little connection between the plaintiff and this forum. Mot. to Transfer at 15.
For this factor to strongly weigh against transfer, a plaintiff must prove a legitimate connection to the district. In In re Microsoft Corp., Misc. No. 944 (Fed. Cir. Jan. 5, 2011), the Federal Circuit ordered transfer of a patent infringement lawsuit out of the Eastern District of Texas, where the plaintiff had been incorporated only 16 days before filing the lawsuit. The Federal Circuit rejected the plaintiff's assumption that "this court must honor connections to a preferred forum made in anticipation of litigation and for the likely purpose of making that forum appear convenient." Pragmatus's connection to this district is similarly tenuous. Pragmatus does not contest defendants' description of it as a "non-practicing entity," meaning that it does not research and develop new technology but rather acquires patents, licenses the technology, and sues alleged infringers. Pragmatus's main line of business is enforcing its intellectual property rights, and a large part of that task involves threatening to file lawsuits. Pragmatus's only employee in this district is a co-owner who has owned a home in Alexandria since 2007 and works here part-time.
In sum, the only connection between the Eastern District of Virginia and this plaintiff is that Pragmatus was formed in Alexandria a week before it acquired the patent portfolio and five months before it filed this lawsuit. Although plaintiff's choice of forum weighs against transfer, this factor will be given minimal weight in light of the weak connection between the plaintiff and the Eastern District of Virginia.
2. Convenience of parties
Defendants argue that because three of the four defendants are headquartered in the Northern District of California, this civil action should be transferred there. Mot. to Transfer at 8. Significantly minimizing the cost, time, and hassle of traveling 3,000 miles to Virginia, Pragmatus responds that the convenience for defendants' employees does not justify transfer because of "the ease of travel to Virginia by plane" and because "Defendants are all large companies that are able to bear the costs of litigation." Id. at 14-15.
Pragmatus's argument fails to rebut defendants' argument that transfer would be far more convenient for the parties and their employees. Facebook, LinkedIn, and YouTube are headquartered in the Northern District of California, and most of their sources of proof, including witnesses and documents, are in that district. Most of the employees with knowledge of the allegedly infringing technology also are in the Northern District of California. Photobucket states that its employees with
relevant knowledge are either in Denver or San Francisco. Even for the Denver employees, it is more convenient to travel to California than to Virginia. In contrast, Marino, one of the plaintiff's co-owners, is the only Virginia-based employee of any party who might participate in the litigation. Pragmatus also argues that transfer is improper because Facebook and Google have servers in the Eastern District of Virginia, but Pragmatus does not claim that these servers contain any evidence that would be presented in this civil action. Therefore, this factor weighs strongly in favor of transfer.
3. Convenience of witnesses
Defendants argue that transfer is necessary because most of the non-party witnesses are in the Northern District of California. Many of the claims and defenses that arise in patent infringement lawsuits, such as inequitable conduct and validity, require the testimony of the inventors, the lawyers who filed the patent applications, and the owners of the intellectual property while the patent applications were pending. Three of the five inventors are located in the Northern District of California, as are the attorney who prosecuted the patent applications and Avistar. Mot. to Transfer at 10-11. Pragmatus argues that transfer is unnecessary because the attorney and two of the inventors are willing to travel to Virginia to testify.
Although the defendants have identified numerous potential witnesses and sources of evidence in the Northern District of California, Pragmatus, in contrast, has not identified a single non-party witness in or near the Eastern District of Virginia. Moreover, Pragmatus's claim that some California witnesses are willing to travel to Virginia does not negate the simple fact that cross-country trips would be inconvenient, and the litigation would occur 3,000 miles away from much of the defendants' sources of evidence and witnesses. Therefore, this factor weighs strongly in favor of transfer.
4. Interest of justice
"Relevant considerations in evaluating the `interests of justice' are the pendency of a related action; the court's familiarity with the applicable law; docket conditions; access to premises that might have to be viewed; the possibility of unfair trial; the ability to join other parties; and the possibility of harassment." Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Overlook, LLC, CIVIL NO. 4:10cv00069, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 60300 (E.D. Va. June 17, 2010).
Pragmatus argues that the Eastern District of Virginia should retain this civil action because the Court has a fast-paced docket. Opp. at 16-17. The Eastern District of Virginia is known as the "rocket docket" because civil actions quickly move to trial or are otherwise resolved. As Pragmatus notes in its opposition brief, the median time from the filing of a civil action to its final disposition in this district is 10 months, compared to 26.2 months in the Northern District of California. Although this efficiency may be particularly attractive to plaintiffs in complex litigation such as patent infringement actions, that efficiency also invites forum-shopping. See Cognitronics Imaging Systems, Inc. v. Recognition, 83 F. Supp. 2d 689, 699 (E.D. Va. 2000) ("The `rocket docket' certainly attracts plaintiffs, but the Court must ensure that this attraction does not dull the ability of the Court to continue to act in an expeditious manner."). Although Pragmatus adamantly denies forum-shopping, it admits that it filed suit in this district partly because it "desires a quick, efficient and consistent resolution of its claims." Opp. at 17.
When a plaintiff with no significant ties to the Eastern District of Virginia chooses to litigate in the district primarily because it is known as the "rocket docket," the interest of justice "is not served." Original Creatine Patent Co., Ltd. v. Met-Rx USA, Inc., 387 F. Supp. 2d 564, 572 (E.D. Va. 2005). In fact, the Court's concern with being swamped with patent infringement cases is legitimate. Left unchecked, allowing lawsuits with such a minimal connection to the district to go forward here would result in docket overloads, unfairly slowing the cases for parties with genuine connections to this district. Therefore, transfer would advance the interest of justice.
III. Conclusion
For the above stated reasons, the Court finds that the § 1404(a) factors weigh overwhelmingly in defendants' favor. Accordingly, the Defendants' Joint Motion to Transfer Venue Pursuant to 14 U.S.C. § 1404(a) [Dkt. No 38] will be granted in an Order to be issued with this Memorandum Opinion.
Entered this 27th day of January, 2011.
Alexandria, Virginia