Opinion
April 27, 1995
Appeal from the County Court of Ulster County (Vogt, J.).
The facts underlying this case may be found in our prior decision ( 203 A.D.2d 612), which held these appeals in abeyance pending remittal of the matter to County Court for a hearing to determine the circumstances surrounding defendant's failure to testify before the Grand Jury and whether defendant was present at the Sandoval hearing conducted on January 15, 1991. Upon remittal, the hearing was held and the record supports the findings of County Court (Lamont, J.) that defendant consulted with his attorney on September 14, 1990 relative to testifying before the Grand Jury, acquiesced in his attorney's advice not to testify and was present at the first Sandoval hearing (see, People v Sandoval, 34 N.Y.2d 371) held on January 15, 1991.
Initially, it is noted that, having consulted with his former attorney about testifying before the Grand Jury, we deem defendant's failure to make a timely motion to dismiss the indictment to be a waiver of his right to testify (see, CPL 190.50 [c]), which was knowingly made. To prevail on his claim that he was denied effective assistance of counsel by his attorney's failure to secure his right to testify before the Grand Jury, defendant "must demonstrate the [necessary] absence of strategic or other legitimate explanations" for his counsel's failure to pursue this course of action (People v Garcia, 75 N.Y.2d 973, 974; see, People v Richardson, 193 A.D.2d 969, lv denied 82 N.Y.2d 725). Defendant failed to make the required showing.
Defendant's second ineffective assistance of counsel argument is premised upon his trial attorney's waiver of his right to be present at a second Sandoval conference held on January 22, 1991 and conducted in County Court's chambers at the close of the People's proof. The record shows, however, that this conference was essentially an attempt by defense counsel to reargue the position advanced in the earlier Sandoval hearing held on January 15, 1991, at which time defendant was present, when the use of defendant's prior criminal acts was discussed and County Court made its determination. Because the second conference was not a de novo hearing, there was no "potential for additional meaningful input by defendant" (People v Favor, 82 N.Y.2d 254, 268). Thus, we find that defendant's exclusion from the second hearing was "one of those exceptional situations in which the accused's presence would have been wholly `superfluous'" (supra, at 268; see, People v Dokes, 79 N.Y.2d 656, 662).
Defendant also asserts that the September 13, 1990 court-ordered preindictment lineup conducted in the absence of counsel and without a valid waiver violated his constitutional right to counsel. While we agree (see, People v Jackson, 74 N.Y.2d 787; People v Banks, 53 N.Y.2d 819; People v Lloyd G., 45 N.Y.2d 962, 963-964; People v Coleman, 43 N.Y.2d 222), we find that the admission of the lineup evidence and the in-court identifications of those witnesses who viewed the lineup was harmless error (see, People v Lloyd G., supra, at 964; People v Almestica, 42 N.Y.2d 222; People v Crimmins, 36 N.Y.2d 230), because identification was not an issue in this case. Defendant did not claim misidentification nor did he offer an alibi defense. His sole defense at trial was justification. Under these circumstances, there was no reasonable possibility that the tainted evidence contributed to his convictions.
Finally, we address defendant's contention that County Court erroneously instructed the jury in its charge, on the defense of justification, that defendant had a duty to retreat. The defense of justification "is qualified by a duty to retreat, unless the person acting defensively was in his or her home and was not the original aggressor" (People v Watts, 57 N.Y.2d 299, 301; see, Penal Law § 35.15 [a] [i]; People v Ward, 162 A.D.2d 566, 567; People v Emmick, 136 A.D.2d 892, 894). Here, the undisputed evidence established that the shooting took place in a common hallway of an apartment complex. We find that County Court's charge was a correct statement of the law.
Mikoll, White and Casey, JJ., concur. Ordered that the judgment and order are affirmed.