Opinion
Docket No. 77-3976.
Decided October 6, 1980.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, L. Brooks Patterson, Prosecuting Attorney, Robert C. Williams, Chief Appellate Counsel, and Ronald Weitzman, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Smith, Magnusson Chartrand (by Shamoon Zakaria), for defendant on appeal.
Defendant, Jimmie Lee McCracken, was convicted by a jury of arson, contrary to MCL 750.72; MSA 28.267, on May 31, 1977. He was sentenced on July 5, 1977, to a prison term of from 7 to 20 years and now appeals as of right.
Defendant first contends that he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial. In People v Grimmett, 388 Mich. 590; 202 N.W.2d 278 (1972), and People v Collins, 388 Mich. 680; 202 N.W.2d 769 (1972), the Michigan Supreme Court adopted the balancing test set forth by the United States Supreme Court in Barker v Wingo, 407 U.S. 514; 92 S.Ct. 2182; 33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972). That test requires consideration of four factors in determining whether a defendant was denied his right to a speedy trial: (1) the length of the delay, (2) the reason for the delay, (3) the defendant's assertion of his right and (4) prejudice to the defendant resulting from the delay. The first factor, length of the delay, is considered as a triggering mechanism whereby inquiry into the other factors in the balancing test is not made unless the delay is such that a presumption of prejudice arises. The Michigan Supreme Court has held that the presumption of prejudice arises where the delay exceeds 18 months. People v Collins, supra, 695. The 31-month delay between defendant's arrest and trial in the present case thus triggers our application of the four-factor balancing test.
In the present case, defendant was arrested on October 28, 1974, and trial was scheduled for January 24, 1975. The trial was adjourned and rescheduled a total of 18 times during the period from January, 1975 to March, 1977. Three of the adjournments resulted from the defense counsel's inability to attend trial on the scheduled dates, while the remaining adjournments were for "undisclosed reasons" and are therefore attributable to the state. People v Bennett, 84 Mich. App. 408; 269 N.W.2d 618 (1978). A two-month delay during the summer of 1976 was caused by defendant's failure to appear for a scheduled preliminary examination. He was also unavailable for nearly two months in the fall of 1978 because he was being tried in an unrelated case. We find only seven months of the delay were attributable to defendant.
During the period from October 28, 1974, to April 26, 1977, defendant never asserted his right to a speedy trial. On the latter date he filed a motion to dismiss for lack of a speedy trial. The motion was argued on May 16 and 17, 1977, and denied. The trial commenced on May 17. A defendant's failure to assert his right to a speedy trial does not constitute a waiver of that right; however, it does make it difficult to prove that he was denied a speedy trial. People v Collins, supra, 692. The facts in the present case suggest that defendant did not want a speedy trial. He was out on bail until January of 1977, when he was incarcerated due to an unrelated offense. Defendant's assertion that he delayed his speedy trial motion because of the prosecution's tactics is incredible in view of the overall delay between arrest and trial.
The burden is on the prosecution in the instant case to demonstrate that defendant suffered no prejudice as a result of the delay. People v Collins, supra, 695. We believe that the prosecution, in its arguments contrary to defendant's claims of prejudice, has met its burden. Defendant claims that the delay caused the loss of two important witnesses, who would have testified in his behalf, due to death and unavailability. The first such witness, defendant's half-brother Thomas McCracken, who had died, allegedly would have rebutted the testimony of prosecution witness Michael Thomas. Loss of this impeachment testimony was not prejudicial however, because Thomas's testimony was corroborated by two other prosecution witnesses. Defendant claims the other lost witness, Melvin Stinson, would have testified about a suspicious car present when the fire broke out. At the hearing on defendant's motion to dismiss, defense counsel stated that he had never interviewed Mr. Stinson, did not know whether the man was alive or dead, and had attempted to subpoena him for the first time the day before. Under these circumstances, we refuse to accept defendant's claim regarding the substance of Mr. Stinson's testimony and find no prejudice in the loss of this witness. We also find no merit in defendant's allegations that the delay caused domestic strife resulting in his divorce.
We conclude, based on an overall balancing of the Barker factors, that defendant was not deprived of his right to a speedy trial. Two of the factors, length of the delay and reason for the delay, favor defendant. We find these factors outweighed by the defendant's failure to assert his right and lack of prejudice resulting from the delay.
Defendant next argues that certain evidence gathered at the scene of the fire was the product of an unlawful warrantless search and seizure and was improperly admitted over objection at trial. Defendant was accused of setting fire to his Ferndale residence on the night of September 14, 1973. The Ferndale Fire Department put out the blaze and the disputed evidence, consisting of photographs and carpet samples, was obtained during an on-the-scene investigation into the cause of the fire conducted by a city fire inspector shortly after the fire was extinguished. Defendant relies on People v Tyler, 399 Mich. 564; 250 N.W.2d 467 (1977), where the Court held, based on Federal cases and the Fourth Amendment, that a warrant is required for subsequent reentry and search of the premises once a fire has been extinguished and the firemen have departed. The case was appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which affirmed but expressed a different opinion as to when the need for a warrant arises:
"[People v Tyler] * * * may be read as holding that the exigency justifying a warrantless entry to fight a fire ends, and the need to get a warrant begins, with the dousing of the last flame. 399 Mich, at 579, 250 N.W.2d, at 475. We think this view of the firefighting function is unrealistically narrow, however. Fire officials are charged not only with extinguishing fires, but with finding their causes. Prompt determination of the fire's origin may be necessary to prevent its recurrence, as through the detection of continuing dangers such as faulty wiring or a defective furnace. Immediate investigation may also be necessary to preserve evidence from intentional or accidental destruction. And, of course, the sooner the officials complete their duties, the less will be their subsequent interference with the privacy and the recovery efforts of the victims. For these reasons, officials need no warrant to remain in a building for a reasonable time to investigate the cause of a blaze after it has been extinguished. And if the warrantless entry to put out the fire and determine its cause is constitutional, the warrantless seizure of evidence while inspecting the premises for these purposes also is constitutional." Michigan v Tyler, 436 U.S. 499, 509-510; 98 S Ct 1942; 56 L.Ed.2d 486 (1978). (Emphasis added.)
We follow the United States Supreme Court in matters of Federal constitutional interpretation, People v Martin, 78 Mich. App. 518; 260 N.W.2d 869 (1977), and therefore find that the search and seizure in the present case was proper. The search occurred within a reasonable time after the blaze was extinguished. See, People v Farnsley, 94 Mich. App. 34; 287 N.W.2d 361 (1979).
The third issue raised by defendant in this appeal is whether the trial court erred reversibly by permitting improper impeachment of his testimony concerning a collateral issue. Prosecution witness James Thomas testified that he borrowed money from a bank and that defendant had co-signed for the loan. Defendant, during cross-examination, denied any recollection of whether he had co-signed for the loan, but stated that ordinarily he would know if he had engaged in such a transaction. Over objection, the prosecutor was allowed to produce a bank employee who testified that defendant had indeed co-signed for the loan. The court responded to defendant's claim that the matter was collateral to the issue at hand by stating that the evidence showed defendant's lack of capacity to recall facts and was thus material.
Generally, a party who raises a collateral matter during the examination of a witness is bound by the answer of that witness. People v Lauzon, 84 Mich. App. 201; 269 N.W.2d 524 (1978). The trial court erred in allowing the bank employee's testimony in the instant case under this rule, since whether or not defendant had co-signed the note was a collateral issue. However, we find that the error was harmless under the circumstances. The prosecutor attempted to impeach defendant for what he thought was a legitimate purpose. We cannot say that the error which resulted was so offensive to the maintenance of a sound judicial process that it could never be regarded as harmless. Furthermore, in view of the overwhelming evidence that defendant committed arson, we find that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. The physical evidence clearly indicated that the fire was set by someone, and three prosecution witnesses testified regarding defendant's involvement in planning and carrying out the arson. See, MCL 769.26; MSA 28.1096.
Finally, defendant claims that his right to a fair trial was prejudiced by certain remarks and questions of the prosecutor. None of the allegedly improper remarks were objected to at trial; therefore, only error which resulted in manifest injustice was preserved for appeal. MCL 769.26; MSA 28.1096, People v Clemons, 91 Mich. App. 68, 73; 282 N.W.2d 838 (1979), remanded for resentencing, 407 Mich. 939 (1979). We have reviewed the record and find that there was no manifest injustice.
Affirmed.