Opinion
No. 236669.
Submitted March 5, 2002, at Detroit.
Decided March 15, 2002, at 9:00 a.m. Updated June 21, 2002.
Appeal from Oakland Circuit Court, LC No. 99-168299-FH.
Jennifer M. Granholm, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, David G. Gorcyca, Prosecuting Attorney, and Joyce F. Todd, Chief, Appellate Division, for the people. Law Offices of Cyril C. Hall, P.C. (by Cyril C. Hall and Diana L. McClain), for the defendant.
Before: Hood, P.J., and Gage and Murray, JJ.
The prosecutor appeals by leave granted from an order granting defendant's request for an instruction that required the prosecution to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, the defendant's knowledge of the quantity of the controlled substance she was charged with possessing with intent to deliver. We reverse.
Defendant was charged with various drug- and firearm-related offenses. Following the completion of proofs and closing arguments, defendant requested an instruction with respect to the charge of possession with intent to deliver 50 grams or more, but less than 225 grams, of a mixture containing cocaine. MCL 333.7401(2)(a)(iii). Specifically, defendant argued that the prosecutor had to prove defendant's knowledge of the amount of the mixture as an element of the offense pursuant to People v Mass, 464 Mich. 615; 628 N.W.2d 540 (2001), and the instructions to the jury should reflect this requirement. In response, the prosecutor argued that the Mass Court held that the knowledge of amount requirement applied only to conspiracy charges. The trial court granted defendant's request for the instruction regarding knowledge of quantity on the basis of its interpretation of Mass. We granted the prosecutor's application for leave to appeal and stayed the trial pending resolution of this appeal.
The prosecutor alleges that the trial court erred in granting defendant's instruction request. We agree. The court must instruct the jury to allow the jury to correctly and intelligently decide the case. People v Crawford, 232 Mich. App. 608, 619; 591 N.W.2d 669 (1998). The instructions must include all the elements of the charged offense and must not exclude material issues, defenses, and theories that are supported by the evidence. Id. We review claims of instructional error and questions of statutory interpretation de novo. People v Bartlett, 231 Mich. App. 139, 143; 585 N.W.2d 341 (1998).
Defendant's argument was raised as early as 1984 and rejected by this Court. In People v Cortez, 131 Mich. App. 316, 321-322; 346 N.W.2d 540 (1984), the three defendants, tried in two separate trials, were convicted of possession with intent to deliver 650 or more grams of a mixture containing cocaine. On appeal, the defendants alleged that there was insufficient evidence to support the convictions because evidence of knowledge of the weight of the mixture had not been presented. This Court rejected that argument and held that there was no authority to indicate that knowledge of the weight of the mixture was an essential element of the offense. Id. at 331. Furthermore, in People v Hamp, 170 Mich. App. 24, 34; 428 N.W.2d 16 (1988), vacated in part on other grounds 437 Mich. 865 (1990), the defendant argued that knowledge of the quantity of the controlled substance possessed was an element of the crime of possession with intent to deliver. This Court rejected the defendant's challenge:
Defendant was convicted of possession of cocaine with intent to deliver 225 grams or more but less than 650 grams. The crime of possession of cocaine with intent to deliver in any mixture of 225 grams or more but less than 650 grams requires the showing of four elements: (1) the substance was cocaine; (2) the drug was in a mixture which weighed more than 225 grams but less than 650 grams; (3) defendant was not authorized by law to possess the substance; and (4) defendant knowingly possessed the cocaine with the intent to deliver. People v Acosta, 153 Mich. App. 504, 511-512; 396 N.W.2d 463 (1986), lv den 428 Mich. 965 (1987); CJI 12:2:00. Contrary to defendant's assertion, knowledge of the quantity of the controlled substance is not an essential element of this offense. At this time, this Court refuses to require that that element be shown. [ 170 Mich. App. 34-35.]
Lastly, in People v Northrop, 213 Mich. App. 494, 495; 541 N.W.2d 275 (1995), the defendant was convicted of possession of 50 to 225 grams of cocaine, MCL 333.7403(2)(a)(iii). The defendant acknowledged that the prosecution was not required to prove knowledge by the defendant of the quantity of the drug involved, but challenged the constitutionality of the drug statutes when penalties were imposed on the basis of quantity. Northrop, supra at 498. This Court rejected the constitutional challenge and adhered to the principle that knowledge was not an essential element for purposes of delivery, possession with intent to deliver, or possession of a controlled substance. Id. This Court noted that the harsh mandatory minimum sentences were designed to remove drug dealers from society for long and definite periods. Id.
Although we note that because the charge in Northrop was merely possession, it could be argued that the statement regarding possession with intent to deliver is dicta.
In Mass, supra, the defendant was convicted, as an aider and abettor, of delivery of 225 grams or more, but less than 650 grams, of a mixture containing cocaine, MCL 333.7401(2)(a)(ii), and conspiracy to commit that offense, MCL 750.157a. The defendant challenged his delivery conviction by alleging that knowledge of the amount of a controlled substance was an element of the delivery charge. The Supreme Court rejected the defendant's challenge, stating:
Having determined that quantity is an element of the delivery offense, we turn to the question whether knowledge of the amount is an element of a delivery offense.
The Court of Appeals held that knowledge of the amount of cocaine involved is not an element of a charge of delivery of cocaine, citing People v Cortez, 131 Mich. App. 316, 331; 346 N.W.2d 540 (1984), and People v Northrop, 213 Mich. App. 494, 498; 541 N.W.2d 275 (1995). It is also the case that this Court stated as follows in People v Quinn, 440 Mich. 178, 189; 487 N.W.2d 194 (1992):
"[A] defendant need not know the quantity of narcotics to be found guilty of possession of a controlled substance under MCL 333.7401; MSA 14.15(7401)."
We hold, consistent with the text of the statute, the Court of Appeals holdings, and our prior statement in Quinn, that knowledge of the amount of a controlled substance is not an element of a delivery charge. This holding is, of course, consistent with the fact that delivery of a controlled substance is a general intent crime. People v Maleski, 220 Mich. App. 518, 522; 560 N.W.2d 71 (1996). [ Mass, supra at 626-627.]
While the Mass Court addressed the charge of delivery of a controlled substance, it cited with approval the Cortez decision that expressly held that knowledge of quantity was not an element of possession with intent to deliver. Accordingly, this Court's holdings that knowledge of quantity is not an element of possession with intent to deliver remain good law. Accordingly, the trial court erred in granting defendant's request for a knowledge of quantity instruction.
Defendant alleges that knowledge of quantity is required because of the distinction between specific and general intent crimes. However, the statement and citation of Maleski, supra, is dicta. We note that the Mass Court held that knowledge of quantity was an element for purposes of the conspiracy statute. However, the conspiracy statute requires proof of an agreement and there are four separate delivery offenses, contingent upon the amount of contraband involved. Mass, supra at 629-634. The requirement of proof of the knowledge of the amount is consistent with the proof of agreement requirement and avoids a challenge to the unanimity of a jury verdict.
Reversed.