Opinion
Docket No. 78-4241.
Decided December 15, 1980. Leave to appeal applied for.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, Earl H. Morgan, Jr., Prosecuting Attorney, and Nick O. Holowka, Chief Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Taylor, Carter, Butterfield, Riseman, Clark Howell, P.C., for defendant on appeal.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of assault with intent to commit murder, contrary to MCL 750.83; MSA 28.278. In a subsequent proceeding, the trial court sentenced defendant to a life term of imprisonment. From the conviction and sentence, defendant appeals by leave granted.
On February 15, 1976, defendant committed an armed robbery when, while armed with a gun, he entered a Genesee County grocery store and demanded money. Defendant then left the robbery scene in a small yellow car and was seen headed in the direction of Lapeer County. Alerted by radio dispatch, Lapeer County Sheriff's Deputy John Young observed the defendant's vehicle about 15 minutes after the robbery. Officer Young's attempt to apprehend the defendant resulted in a gun battle, upon which the instant conviction was based. However, prior to his conviction for assault with intent to commit murder, defendant was convicted in Genesee County for armed robbery and received a sentence of 10 to 20 years imprisonment. The armed robbery conviction was affirmed by this Court in a memorandum opinion.
Defendant maintains that his second trial and conviction violated his constitutional guarantee against double jeopardy by imposing upon him separate trials for two criminal acts arising from the same transaction. People v White, 390 Mich. 245; 212 N.W.2d 222 (1973), US Const, Am V. We disagree.
In Crampton v 54-A District Judge, 397 Mich. 489, 499; 245 N.W.2d 28 (1976), the Supreme Court reaffirmed its adoption of the same transaction test for claims of double jeopardy, first espoused in People v White, supra. Applied to criminal acts requiring proof of intent, multiple offenses exhibiting "`a continuous time sequence and display [of] a single intent and goal'" must be tried in a single proceeding or be subject to a double jeopardy defense. Crampton, supra, 499.
In its analysis, the Crampton Court specifically approved this Court's application of the same transaction test in a number of prior decisions. Among the approved decisions was that in People v Charles Johnson, 62 Mich. App. 240; 233 N.W.2d 246 (1975), in which the defendant was convicted and sentenced for prison escape. Thereafter, the defendant was permitted to plead guilty to a charge of assault with intent to commit a felony, for an assault committed on the day of his escape. The Johnson Court held:
"In the present case, the first element of the White same transaction test, that the crimes `were committed in a continuous time sequence', may appear to be met because both offenses occurred on the same day. However, that fact alone does not make the offenses one long continuous transaction. People v Martin, supra [ 53 Mich. App. 321; 220 N.W.2d 186 (1974)]. Furthermore, the crime of prison escape was completed at the time that the defendant did `leave said prison without being discharged'. MCL 750.193; MSA 28.390.
"The second element, that the crimes' display a single intent and goal', is not satisfied. The defendant could not have assaulted the victim with the same intent and goal that he had when escaping prison. The prison escape was a completed act. The assault was an independent act intended to allow the defendant to elude capture. As such, while the assault was made possible by the escape, the assault was a separate transaction." People v Charles Johnson, supra, 248.
Additionally, in People v Davenport (On Remand), 51 Mich. App. 484; 215 N.W.2d 702 (1974), the Court found double jeopardy violated by consecutive convictions for being a disorderly person and for resisting arrest. The sequence of events was as follows:
"When a police officer stopped defendant for a traffic infraction, defendant allegedly refused to cooperate with him and directed obscene epithets at him, and then, when the officer attempted to arrest defendant because of those epithets, defendant refused to submit peacefully. The continuousness of the time sequence is obvious. The unity of intent is also readily apparent — a refusal to submit to a police officer's authority." People v Davenport, supra, 486.
In People v Rolston, 51 Mich. App. 146; 214 N.W.2d 894 (1974), involving the robbery of a bar and the kidnapping, rape and murder of a barmaid, the Court found the defendant's guarantee violated. In Rolston, the Court determined that the goal of the murder (for which the defendant was initially tried and acquitted) was the same as that for the kidnapping (the defendant's second trial); in effect, to spirit the defendant's accomplice out of the country.
The facts of the present case do not evidence a single intent or goal as found in Rolston. An obvious goal of the armed robbery was to obtain money for whatever use the defendant intended. The later assault was aimed at evading police efforts to apprehend the defendant, a clearly different objective. Additionally, the offenses herein were not interrelated to the extent that they comprise an "`essentially unitary criminal episode'". People v Charles Johnson, supra, 248. At the time the defendant assaulted Officer Young, the armed robbery was successfully completed. Further, at no time was Officer Young present at the robbery scene, which would indicate a hot pursuit of the defendant. Although the defendant's criminal acts were committed within a short period of time, that evidence alone does not suggest the identity of intent or goal behind the acts necessary to raise a valid double jeopardy defense. In the absence of shared intent or goal, the defendant's second trial was not violative of his guarantee against double jeopardy.
Defendant also claims he was denied the effective assistance of defense counsel. He argues that defense counsel's failure to subpoena or call for testimony Constance Caldwell, who worked at a mental hospital to which defendant was previously assigned and who lived with defendant after his release from the institution, was fatal to his defense of insanity. As further proof of ineffective assistance, the defendant alleges that defense counsel announced he would present five other witnesses to testify regarding the defendant's mental condition, but failed to subpoena or call them. Finally, defendant asserts ineffective assistance in defense counsel's refusal to call the defendant to testify.
In People v Garcia, 398 Mich. 250, 264; 247 N.W.2d 547 (1976), the Michigan Supreme Court rejected the former "sham" test for finding ineffective assistance of counsel in favor of a test first established in Beasley v United States, 491 F.2d 687, 696 (CA 6, 1974). The Beasley test, adopted by the Garcia Court, provides:
"Defense counsel must perform at least as well as a lawyer with ordinary training and skill in the criminal law and must conscientiously protect his client's interests, undeflected by conflicting considerations."
See also People v Roberson, 90 Mich. App. 196; 282 N.W.2d 280 (1979). Further, where defense counsel's actions at trial produce a "serious error but for which defendant would have had a reasonable likelihood of acquittal", ineffective assistance will be found to have been established. People v Knight, 94 Mich. App. 526, 528; 288 N.W.2d 649 (1980).
Our courts have consistently held that the decision to present specific witnesses is a matter of trial strategy and will not support a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. People v Gibson, 94 Mich. App. 172; 288 N.W.2d 366 (1979), People v Roberson, supra. Also, a defendant is required to show prejudice under a claim of defense counsel unpreparedness. People v Krist, 93 Mich. App. 425; 287 N.W.2d 251 (1979). Thus, although possibly helpful to the defense of insanity, defense counsel's failure to subpoena and call certain witnesses does not suggest a trial strategy outside the acceptable bounds of representation. Further, defense counsel presented the expert testimony of a psychiatrist, Dr. Dennis Koson. On cross-examination by the prosecutor, Dr. Koson testified that the defendant was not insane on the day of the robbery and assault. Although such testimony was not supportive of the defendant's claim of insanity, the mere fact that defense counsel presented Dr. Koson does not constitute proof of ineffective assistance. People v Robideau, 94 Mich. App. 663, 668-669; 289 N.W.2d 846 (1980). Finally, defense counsel's decision not to call the defendant for testimony is a matter of trial strategy and does not support the defendant's ineffective assistance claim.
Affirmed.
BASHARA, P.J., concurred.
With some regret I find that in this criminal proceeding defense counsel did not perform with ordinary training and skill in the criminal law.
It is impossible to say with any confidence whether the armed robbery committed in Genesee County and the shoot-out with the police officer in Lapeer County should have been joined because they arose out of the same transaction. The majority has decided that defendant was not denied his constitutional right to freedom from double jeopardy. Perhaps it is justifiable under Crampton v 54-A District Judge, 397 Mich. 489; 245 N.W.2d 28 (1976), but it is very difficult for me to reconcile the facts in this case with the facts which unlocked Rolston in People v Rolston, 51 Mich. App. 146; 214 N.W.2d 894 (1974). Perhaps it would be possible to throw under a blanket all defendant's wishes "to leave the counties" in which he was subject to apprehension, as Rolston wished to leave the country. In any event, the time sequence here is well within the contemplation of the time sequences in Rolston, People v White, 390 Mich. 245; 212 N.W.2d 222 (1973), and People v Jackson, 391 Mich. 323; 217 N.W.2d 22 (1974).
The intent and goal problem is not so simple. The majority has decided defendant's intent and goals were different in each crime as did the Supreme Court in Jackson. However, a realistic view of the instant proceedings bespeaks a substantially similar intent and goal herein. Defendant's actions were focused upon the goal of robbing the grocery store and returning to a secure place with the loot. The interim shooting episode was arguably a part of his overall plan and intent as was the actual taking of money and although it is a separate and distinct offense it is part of the same episode. Compare People v Haynes, 100 Mich. App. 306; 298 N.W.2d 732 (1980), citing People v Flores, 92 Mich. App. 130; 284 N.W.2d 510 (1979). Taken together, these actions could be said to comprise but one criminal transaction, the trial for which should have joined all potential charges.
Because of the above analysis, I must disagree with the majority's holding that defendant received the effective assistance of counsel. In Beasley v United States, 491 F.2d 687, 696 (CA 6, 1974), the case from which our Supreme Court adopted the "ordinary training and skill" effective assistance standard, the Federal Court of Appeals also held:
"Defense counsel must investigate all apparently substantial defenses available to the defendant and must assert them in a proper and timely manner."
In People v Green, 96 Mich. App. 104, 109; 292 N.W.2d 142 (1980), this Court held that a determination of ineffective assistance, based upon counsel's failure to raise a defense, would depend on "whether the defense which counsel failed to raise was a substantial one". And in People v Foster, 77 Mich. App. 604, 609; 259 N.W.2d 153 (1977), the Court defined the term substantial as "whether the assertion of a defense might have made a difference in the outcome of the trial", citing People v Lewis, 64 Mich. App. 175, 185; 235 N.W.2d 100 (1975).
I am unable to agree with the majority's apparent conclusion that assertion of defendant's same transaction/double jeopardy defense could not have affected the outcome of his trial. The facts of this case do not fall clearly within the class of cases finding two or more distinct offenses, for which individual trials could be held. Had defense counsel raised the double jeopardy question prior to trial, the lower court "might have" found the defense valid and quashed the entire proceeding. Defense counsel's failure to assert the double jeopardy defense under the facts presented was a patent failure to adequately protect defendant's interests and should not be countenanced by this Court. It was a "serious mistake". I would reverse defendant's conviction or at the very least remand the case to the trial court for further findings at a hearing in which the defendant, through counsel, would offer a factual and legal predicate for a same transaction/double jeopardy defense.