Opinion
Docket No. 25433.
Decided July 6, 1977.
Appeal from Wayne, George E. Bowles, J. Submitted March 2, 1977, at Detroit. (Docket No. 25433.) Decided July 6, 1977.
Joseph V. Austin was convicted in Recorder's Court of Detroit, Traffic and Ordinance Division, of promoting pornography in violation of an ordinance of the City of Detroit. Defendant appealed to the circuit court. Affirmed. Defendant appeals by leave granted. Reversed.
Kermit G. Bailer, Corporation Counsel, Maureen P. Reilly, Assistant Corporation Counsel, and Marion Moore, Special Assistant Corporation Counsel, for plaintiff City of Detroit.
University of Detroit Urban Law Clinic (by Gilbert A. Donohue, Supervising Attorney), for defendant.
Defendant Joseph Varick Austin was convicted of promoting pornography, in violation of § 39-1- 18.1 of the Municipal Code of the City of Detroit. The conviction was affirmed in the Wayne County Circuit Court. This Court granted the defendant leave to appeal.
Defendant was a clerk working at the Adult News Bookstore in the City of Detroit. On March 6, 1974, Detroit Police Officer Donald Smith, working in plain clothes, purchased two magazines from the defendant. After reviewing the contents of the magazines, Officer Smith returned to the store and issued an ordinance violation ticket to defendant.
Initially, we must note that the exhibits in the present case, including the magazines in question, have been misplaced at some point in the lower court proceedings and are unavailable for review. Since the loss of this evidence can in no way be attributed to the defendant, this Court is powerless to do anything but vacate his conviction. Although this holding would in most cases end our discussion of the matter, we recognize the importance of several of the issues raised and extensively briefed by the parties. As the matter is properly before us, and it is likely that prosecutions under the ordinance as presently drafted will continue, we will speak to the critical issues as to the validity and interpretation of the enactment.
On March 28, 1977, this Court ordered that a search be made for the missing exhibits by the Wayne County Clerk. A letter was subsequently filed by the clerk with this Court detailing the unsuccessful attempts made to locate the material.
Defendant first questions the constitutional validity of the ordinance. Before discussing these questions it is necessary to set forth the relevant language of the ordinance.
The act was passed by the Common Council for the City of Detroit, effective January 3, 1974, presumably in response to the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Miller v California, 413 U.S. 15; 93 S Ct 2607; 37 L Ed 2d 419 (1973). Section 39-1- 18.1 states that it is unlawful "for any person to promote pornography" if that person knows "its content and character". Section 39-1-18(10) provides the definition for "pornography", as used in the remainder of the ordinance:
"`Pornography': Any material or performance is `pornography' if all of the following elements are present: (A) Considered as a whole, by the average person, applying the contemporary community standards of the City of Detroit, it appeals to the prurient interest; and (B) It depicts, describes or represents in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct, as hereinafter defined; and (C) It lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value."
"Sexual conduct" is defined in § 39-1-18(14)-(16):
"(14) `Sexual Conduct' means: (A) masturbation; (B) sexual intercourse, whether genital-genital, oral-genital, oral-anal, or anal-genital; (C) any erotic fondling or touching of the covered or uncovered genitals, buttocks, pubic area, or any part thereof, the breasts of the female; whether the conduct described in (A) through (C) is engaged in alone or between members of the same or opposite sex, or between humans and animals or humans and inanimate objects; or (D) actual or simulated display or exhibition of the human pubic area or genitals or any part thereof, or (E) sexual excitement, as hereinafter defined; or (F) sado-masochistic abuse as hereinafter defined.
"(15) `Sexual Excitement' means the facial expressions, movements, utterances or other responses of a human male or female, whether alone or with others, whether clothed or not, who is in an apparent state of sexual stimulation or arousal, or experiencing the physical or sensual reactions of humans engaging in or witnessing sexual conduct.
"(16) `Sado-Masochistic Abuse' means flagellation or torture by or upon a person who is nude or clad in undergarments or in a sexually revealing or bizarre costume, or the condition of such person being fettered, bound or otherwise physically restrained, in an apparent act of sexual stimulation or gratification."
In Miller, supra, the Supreme Court reaffirmed the holding of Roth v United States, 354 U.S. 476; 77 S Ct 1304; 1 L Ed 2d 1498 (1957), that obscene materials are not protected by the First Amendment. 413 US at 20-21. After a lengthy discussion of the various attempts of the Court to fashion appropriate standards for the definition of such unprotected, "obscene" material, the Miller Court announced a new set of guidelines:
"State statutes designed to regulate obscene materials must be carefully limited. * * * As a result, we now confine the permissible scope of such regulation to works which depict or describe sexual conduct. That conduct must be specifically defined by the applicable state law, as written or authoritatively construed. A state offense must also be limited to works which, taken as a whole, appeal to the prurient interest in sex, which portray sexual conduct in a patently offensive way, and which taken as a whole, do not have serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.
"The basic guidelines for the trier of fact must be: (a) whether `the average person, applying contemporary community standards' would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest, * * * (b) whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law; and (c) whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value." (Citations and footnote omitted.) 413 US at 23-24.
In the present case defendant attacks the ordinance in question by alleging two distinct yet related violations of the Miller guidelines. He argues that the language of the Detroit ordinance is vague, in contradiction to standard (b) which requires that the prohibited material be "specifically defined". Defendant also contends that the ordinance definition of "sexual conduct" is overbroad in that it reaches material not intended by the Miller Court to be beyond First Amendment protection.
Defendant's vagueness argument is not persuasive. The Miller requirement that sexual conduct be specifically defined in a statute or ordinance is designed to provide clear and conspicuous notice of the scope of the prohibition to the sellers of sex-related material. The Detroit ordinance defines "sexual conduct" at length and in great detail. We find no violation of the "specifically defined" standard.
See People v Herron, 68 Mich. App. 381; 242 N.W.2d 584 (1976), Kalita v Detroit, 57 Mich. App. 696; 226 N.W.2d 699 (1975).
See Miller v California, 413 U.S. 15; 93 S Ct 2607; 37 L Ed 2d 419 (1973), fn 6. The Detroit ordinance is alleged by the prosecution to be modeled after the Oregon and Hawaii statutes approved by the Court as to their depiction of defined conduct.
Defendant's challenge to the ordinance on the basis of overbreadth has considerably more substance. The Miller Court, while not wanting to draft legislation for the states, did set forth examples of what type of material could validly be prohibited:
The defendant has standing to challenge the ordinance as overbroad on its face. See Gooding v Wilson, 405 U.S. 518; 92 S Ct 1103; 31 L Ed 2d 408 (1972).
"We emphasize that it is not our function to propose regulatory schemes for the States. That must await their concrete legislative efforts. It is possible, however, to give a few plain examples of what a state statute could define for regulation under part (b) of the standard announced in this opinion, supra:
"(a) Patently offensive representations or descriptions of ultimate sexual acts, normal or perverted, actual or simulated.
"(b) Patently offensive representations or descriptions of masturbation, excretory functions, and lewd exhibition of the genitals." 413 US at 25.
A more recent Supreme Court case has clearly indicated that the examples of sexual conduct expressed in Miller, supra, were meant to be read as the outside limits of a legislative enactment against obscene material. In Jenkins v Georgia, 418 U.S. 153; 94 S Ct 2750; 41 L Ed 2d 642 (1974), the Court reversed a state conviction of a movie house operator for showing the film "Carnal Knowledge". The Jenkins Court stated:
"Even though questions of appeal to the `prurient interest' or of patent offensiveness are `essentially questions of fact,' it would be a serious misreading of Miller to conclude that juries have unbridled discretion in determining what is `patently offensive'.
* * *
"[W]e made it plain that under that holding `no one will be subject to prosecution for the sale or exposure of obscene materials unless these materials depict or describe patently offensive "hard core" sexual conduct * * *'." (Emphasis added.) 418 US at 160.
The Court went on to discuss the examples of "sexual conduct" set forth in Miller:
"While this did not purport to be an exhaustive catalog of what juries might find patently offensive, it was certainly intended to fix substantive constitutional limitations, deriving from the First Amendment, on the type of material subject to such a determination. It would be wholly at odds with this aspect of Miller to uphold an obscenity conviction based upon a defendant's depiction of a woman with a bare midriff, even though a properly charged jury unanimously agreed on a verdict of guilty." (Emphasis added.) 418 US at 160-161.
The Court concluded that the movie, while containing scenes of nudity and sexual acts, "could not, as a matter of constitutional law", be found to be in violation of the Miller standards:
"Appellant's showing of the film `Carnal Knowledge' is simply not the `public portrayal of hard core sexual conduct for its own sake, and for the ensuing commercial gain' which we said was punishable in Miller. Id., at 35, 37 L Ed 2d 419." 418 US at 161.
In consideration of the clarifying opinion of Jenkins, we must view the instant ordinance to see whether it would justify a prosecution for sale of material that could not, as a matter of law, be termed "hard core" pornography. It is not sufficient, as argued by the plaintiff, that the ordinance included the Miller standards, so that any conviction would of necessity be required to meet those tests. As pointed out in Jenkins, supra, even a properly instructed jury does not have unrestricted discretion to find any given material in violation of the law.
Of greater importance is the fact that material which is not a "hard core" depiction of sexual conduct retains its First Amendment protection. An evil even greater than an individual defendant's fear of conviction is the inevitable, self-imposed suppression of protected speech arising from a statute or ordinance which threatens prosecution for the dissemination of such speech. While some "gray area" at the edge of properly drafted legislation is unavoidable, statutes or parts of statutes which prohibit material which cannot arguably fall within the limitations imposed in Miller, supra, and Jenkins, supra, must be struck down.
This Court's examination of the Detroit ordinance convinces us that one of its definitional sections extends its sweep beyond that intended by Miller and Jenkins. This being the case, we may sever that section which would allow for prosecutions against the sale or distribution of protected material. People v McQuillan, 392 Mich. 511; 221 N.W.2d 569 (1974), People v Bandy, 35 Mich. App. 53; 192 N.W.2d 115 (1971).
We hold that § 39-1-18(15) of the ordinance is facially overbroad and invalid. We cannot conceive how "facial expressions, movements, utterances or other responses", dealt with in subsection (15), can be fitted within the limitations of "hard core" pornography stated in Miller and Jenkins.
Arguably some conduct described in § 39-1-18(16) may fall outside such limits, but we deem this section to be valid as it was drawn verbatim from the Oregon statute cited with approval in Miller.
Oregon Laws 1971, c 743, Art 29, § 255-262.
The ordinance also provides for a number of affirmative defenses. Section 39-1-18.3 reads:
"It shall be an affirmative defense to a prosecution under Sections 39-1- 18.1 or 39-1-18.2 if the pornographic material was disseminated by a person who was acting in his capacity as:
"1) A teacher of an accredited course of study related to pornography at a State approved educational institution; or
"2) A licensed medical practitioner or psychologist in the treatment of a patient; or
"3) A participant in the criminal justice system, such as a legislator, judge, prosecutor, law enforcement official or other similar or related position; or
"4) A supplier to any person described in (1) through (3) above."
The defendant argues that he has a defense to the current prosecution as a "supplier", under subsection (4), to a law enforcement official, namely the undercover police officer who purchased the magazines. The prosecution responds that the defense only applies where the supplier both knows he is disseminating the material to one of the exempted parties and knows that the party is acting in an official capacity when receiving the material.
This issue was never raised at trial or in the earlier circuit court action. This Court, in granting leave to appeal, ordered the parties to brief and argue this issue. We do not consider the defense to have been waived in this case since the scope of the defense had not as yet been ruled upon by any court and, assuming the defense to be applicable, it would be an injustice to allow the prosecution to stand.
Viewing the ordinance on its face this Court is unsure as to the intent of the drafters. If the defendant is correct, the ordinance can never be enforced through sales to police officers. While the argument of the prosecution seems appealing, to accept it would mean reading into a criminal provision knowledge requirements not evident on the face of the legislation. Faced with this uncertainty, we would be required to construe the provision in the defendant's favor.
"It is a fundamental rule of construction of criminal statutes that they cannot be extended to cases not included within the clear and obvious import of their language. And if there is doubt as to whether the act charged is embraced in the prohibition, that doubt is to be resolved in favor of the defendant. In other words, nothing is to be added by intendment." People v Ellis, 204 Mich. 157, 161; 169 N.W. 930 (1918).
"Defendant ought not to be convicted unless he is clearly and unequivocally within the language of a statute which by its terms covers his case. The statute may not be extended beyond its plain terms by judicial construction, and defendant convicted, by showing acts which ought to have been within the terms of the statute but are not. There are no constructive criminal offenses." People v Goulding, 275 Mich. 353, 359-360; 266 N.W. 378 (1936).
In view of the fact that the conviction must otherwise be vacated, we do not render any decision on this issue. We do advise the plaintiff, however, to reevaluate this section of the ordinance and make any changes necessary to correctly state the intentions of its drafters.
Defendant's conviction is reversed.
W.F. HOOD, J., concurred.
This writer concurs in the result achieved herein. The loss of exhibits renders review of defendant's conviction impossible and, therefore, we must vacate his conviction. However, discussion of the substantive issues in the instant case should await resolution until such time as is necessary. This is particularly so herein where distribution of allegedly obscene material has served as a basis for criminal prosecution pursuant to a new obscenity statute, § 39-1- 18.1 of the Municipal Code of the City of Detroit. Determination of invalidity of such a statute may well depend on the type of material that actually serves as a basis for prosecution under it regardless of the statutory language used. The statute may well appear valid, yet its actual use may well be constitutionally infirm. Pronouncement of constitutional validity, therefore, could result in prosecution in the future for distribution of constitutionally protected material. Such prosecutions might well be encouraged by an unnecessary finding of constitutional validity. Statutes which are designed to regulate obscene material must be carefully limited because of the possibility of First Amendment infringement. Miller v California, 413 U.S. 15; 93 S Ct 2607; 37 L Ed 2d 419 (1973). However, material that is truly obscene is not protected by the First Amendment. Miller, supra, Roth v United States, 354 U.S. 476; 77 S Ct 1304; 1 L Ed 2d 1498 (1957). This writer would decline to make any decision with regard to this statute until such time as it is necessary and can be considered on the basis of a full record. This writer must express disapproval with the majority's opinion which, although well written and thorough, unnecessarily considers the validity of tlis statute.
This writer concurs in result only.