Opinion
Docket No. 52874.
Decided October 6, 1982. Leave to appeal denied, 417 Mich. 897.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Edward Reilly Wilson, Deputy Chief, Civil and Appeals, and Frank J. Bernacki, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Paul C. Louisell, for defendant.
Defendant was charged with the armed robbery, MCL 750.529; MSA 28.797, of a clothing store. A jury found him guilty as charged and he was ultimately sentenced to a term of from 15 to 30 years in prison.
While the police were investigating at the scene of the crime, they were told by one Sylvester Fields that he knew where the people who had robbed the store lived. Fields had seen three men, allegedly including defendant, running through the alley carrying clothing shortly after the robbery had occurred. The police were led by Fields to the defendant's home. The police had no information that anyone had recently entered the house. Three patrolmen and one sergeant were at the house when the decision to announce their presence was made. When the police knocked on the door and identified themselves, they heard some running and men talking inside. The officers, receiving no response, forced open the door. Somewhere between 15 to 30 minutes had elapsed from the time of the robbery until the police forcibly entered defendant's house. Defendant was found hiding in the basement under a pile of clothes. Donald Kline and Robert Owens were also found hiding in the house along with stolen items from the clothing store. Defendant had $284 in cash and a woman's diamond ring, which had been stolen from a salesperson in the store, on his person. Robert Owens had $322 and an Omega watch on his person.
Kline pled guilty to the charge of armed robbery and testified that defendant was not involved in the crime. People v Kline, 113 Mich. App. 733; 318 N.W.2d 510 (1982). Defendant testified that he was home in his basement repairing a broken water pipe at the time of the robbery.
Defendant raises a number of issues, one of which requires reversal. Defendant argues that the police lacked probable cause to conduct a warrantless search and seizure at defendant's residence and, therefore, the resulting evidence should have been suppressed.
The lower court's decision denying the motion to suppress, according to the briefs filed in this appeal, was grounded on the position that the police were in "hot pursuit" and therefore, were justified in entering the house. Once the officers were in the house, the evidence seized apparently was in "plain view". Both of these terms relate to exceptions to the warrant requirements of US Const, Am IV, and Const 1963, art 1, § 11. All too often, terms such as these are used in an arcane manner without solid legal analysis.
A warrantless search is unreasonable per se unless there exists both probable cause and circumstances establishing one of the delineated exceptions to the warrant requirement. People v Mullaney, 104 Mich. App. 787, 792; 306 N.W.2d 347 (1981). Probable cause has been defined as a state of mind which stems from some fact, circumstance or information which would create an honest belief in the mind of a reasonably prudent person. People v Gwinn, 47 Mich. App. 134, 140; 209 N.W.2d 297 (1973). Exigent circumstances are present where immediate action is necessary to: (1) protect the police officers or other persons, (2) prevent the loss or destruction of evidence, or (3) prevent the escape of the suspect. People v Dugan, 102 Mich. App. 497, 503; 302 N.W.2d 209 (1980).
In Payton v New York, 445 U.S. 573; 100 S Ct 1371; 63 L Ed 2d 639 (1980), the Court held that absent exigent circumstances, a warrantless, nonconsensual entry into a house to make a routine felony arrest is prohibited. People v Woodward, 111 Mich. App. 528; 314 N.W.2d 680 (1981). In Woodward, a panel of this Court found the forcible entry into the home and the subsequent arrests of the defendants therein to be illegal due to the lack of exigent circumstances. The police were led to the Woodward house by one of the apprehended participants in the underlying robbery shortly after the crime. After announcing themselves as police, the team of officers heard running inside the house which prompted the police to force open the door. On the basis of Payton, the warrantless arrests were found to be illegal due to the lack of exigent circumstances.
In People v Van Auker, 111 Mich. App. 478; 314 N.W.2d 657 (1981), the people argued that a warrantless, nonconsensual entry was necessary to prevent defendant's escape and prevent destruction of evidence. The Court stated:
"There was testimony that at least five police officers were present at the time of defendant's arrest and that there was only one entrance to the apartment in which he was hiding. Under these circumstances, we believe that the officers could have kept watch over the building and prevented any attempted escape while waiting for an arrest warrant to be issued." 111 Mich. App. 482.
The Woodard and Van Auker decisions demonstrate that the term exigent does not mean expedient. The officers in Woodard knew nothing more than that defendant lived in the house, not that he was in the house. The running they heard did not create exigent circumstances. The officers in Van Auker had the apartment completely under their control and the defendant could not escape and they were in no danger. Therefore, they were required to obtain a warrant rather than forcibly enter the dwelling, which was more expedient.
In the case at bar, the officers had the house under control. They were in no danger and there was no testimony that the police believed defendant could escape or would destroy valuable evidence. Exigent circumstances were lacking in this case.
The prosecutor cites Warden v Hayden, 387 U.S. 294; 87 S Ct 1642; 18 L Ed 2d 782 (1967), as authority for upholding the search in this case. That case, we believe, differs radically from the one at bar. The distinction is that a reliable third party saw the suspect enter the house. The officers' actions, therefore, were not directed to a house where the suspect was living but rather where he had entered moments before. Compare, People v Stergowski, 391 Mich. 714; 219 N.W.2d 68 (1974), and People v Strelow, 96 Mich. App. 182; 292 N.W.2d 517 (1980), with People v Lynn, 91 Mich. App. 117; 283 N.W.2d 664 (1979), aff'd 411 Mich. 291; 307 N.W.2d 61 (1981).
We conclude, therefore, that exigent circumstances were lacking for the officers to enter the house. The trial court erred in failing to suppress the evidence. People v Kline, supra.
Reversed.
In People v Talley, 410 Mich. 378; 301 N.W.2d 809 (1981), the Supreme Court stated that neither the trial court nor the Court of Appeals could properly rule on a motion to suppress evidence without there having been a full evidentiary hearing. At page 389, the Court said:
"For the Court of Appeals to presume to rule on the merits in such an absence of proper procedure requires this Court to point out to that Court and all trial courts that a motion to suppress evidence requires the holding of a full evidentiary hearing and any attempt to rule on such a motion on the basis of a preliminary examination transcript alone is inadequate and erroneous."
In this case, no such hearing was held. In view of the mandate of the Supreme Court, it appears to me that this matter should be remanded for the required hearing. I therefore must respectully dissent.