Summary
concluding that, where complaint was silent as to whether plaintiff was entitled to an exemption from individual mandate, allegations did not establish an "imminent" injury that is "concrete and particularized"
Summary of this case from Howe v. BurwellOpinion
No. 10–4600.
2011-08-3
NEW JERSEY PHYSICIANS, INC.; Mario A. Criscito, M.D.; Patient Roe, Appellantsv.PRESIDENT OF the UNITED STATES; Secretary of the United States Treasury; Secretary of the United States Department of Health and Human Services; the Attorney General of the United States.
Robert J. Conroy (Argued), R. Bruce Crelin, Kern Augustine Conroy & Schoppmann, P.C., Bridgewater, NJ, for Plaintiffs–Appellants.Beth S. Brinkmann (Argued), Mark B. Stern, Alisa B. Klein, Dina B. Mishra, Attorneys, Appellate Staff, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for Defendants–Appellees.
Robert J. Conroy (Argued), R. Bruce Crelin, Kern Augustine Conroy & Schoppmann, P.C., Bridgewater, NJ, for Plaintiffs–Appellants.Beth S. Brinkmann (Argued), Mark B. Stern, Alisa B. Klein, Dina B. Mishra, Attorneys, Appellate Staff, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for Defendants–Appellees.
OPINION
CHAGARES, Circuit Judge.
This appeal concerns a challenge to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (referred to as the “Health Care Act” or the “Act”). The plaintiffs object primarily to the Act's minimum essential coverage provision, more commonly referred to as the individual mandate. The mandate, when it becomes effective in 2014, will require all non-exempt applicable individuals either to maintain a certain minimum level of health insurance or pay a monetary penalty. The plaintiffs' complaint asserts, generally, that the entire Health Care Act is unconstitutional because the individual mandate exceeds Congress's authority to pass laws.
The District Court dismissed the complaint without reaching the merits of this challenge. Rather, the District Court held that the plaintiffs failed to plead adequately injury in fact and, therefore, did not meet their burden to demonstrate standing. The plaintiffs now appeal that determination. For the reasons stated below, we will affirm.
I.
A.
The plaintiffs are Mario A. Criscito, M.D., a licensed New Jersey physician, “Patient Roe,” a patient of Dr. Criscito's, and New Jersey Physicians, Inc., a non-profit corporation that “has as a primary purpose the protection and advancement of patient access to affordable, quality healthcare.” Appendix (“App”) 32a. Dr. Criscito is the only member of New Jersey Physicians, Inc. identified by the plaintiffs in their pleadings. The defendants are four governmental officials sued in their official capacities: President Barack Obama; Timothy Geithner, the United States Secretary of the Treasury; Eric Holder, the United States Attorney General; and Kathleen Sebelius, the Secretary of Health and Human Services.
The complaint contains minimal allegations pertaining to the plaintiffs' provision or receipt of health care. The complaint alleges that Dr. Criscito “treats patients” “in the course of his individual practice of medicine,” and that “[s]ome of those patients pay [him] for his care and do not rely on a third-party payor to do so on their behalf.” App. 32a–33a. The complaint also alleges that Roe “is a patient of Dr. Criscito who pays himself for his care” and that he “is a citizen of the State of New Jersey who chooses who and how to pay for the medical care he receives from Dr. Criscito and others.” App. 33a. Regarding New Jersey Physicians, Inc., the complaint asserts only that the organization's “members and their patients will be directly affected by the legislation at issue [i.e., the Health Care Act] ... should the [legislation] become effective.” App. 32a.
B.
Only two sections of the Health Care Act
Pub.L. No. 111–148, 124 Stat. 119 (2010), as later amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, Pub.L. No. 111–152, 142 Stat. 1029.
The first is the previously mentioned individual mandate, 26 U.S.C. § 5000A. When it takes effect in 2014, the mandate will require all “applicable individual[s]” to either obtain a level of health insurance that qualifies as “minimum essential coverage” or pay a penalty. 26 U.S.C. § 5000A(a), (b), (c). The Act defines an “applicable individual” to be any United States citizen, national, or lawfully present
alien unless that individual has a valid religious exemption or is presently incarcerated. 26 U.S.C. § 5000A(d). Not all applicable individuals are subject to the individual mandate, however. The Act exempts certain “applicable individual [s],” including those whose household income is insufficient to require them to file a federal income tax return, those whose premium payments exceed eight percent of their household income, and those who establish that the individual mandate imposes a hardship. 26 U.S.C. § 5000A(e). All non-exempt applicable individuals must comply with the individual mandate's requirement and acquire “minimum essential coverage.” This minimum essential health insurance coverage may be obtained in various ways, such as by enrolling in employer-sponsored insurance plans, individual market plans, or certain government-sponsored programs such as Medicare or Medicaid. 26 U.S.C. § 5000A(f).
The second relevant provision is the employer responsibility provision, 26 U.S.C. § 4980H. This provision only applies to “applicable large employer[s],” which are defined as employers that employ fifty or more full-time employees on average over a calendar year. 26 U.S.C. § 4980H(c)(2)(A). The employer responsibility provision penalizes such employers if they fail to offer their full-time employees the opportunity to enroll in an employer-sponsored insurance plan that satisfies the individual mandate's minimum essential coverage requirement. 26 U.S.C. § 4980H(a).
Like the individual mandate, the employer responsibility provision will take effect in 2014. 26 U.S.C. § 4980H(d).
In addition, for an applicable large employer to be penalized, at least one of the employer's full-time employees must receive a premium tax credit or cost-sharing reduction through a health benefit exchange. 26 U.S.C. § 4980H(a).
C.
The plaintiffs initiated this action by filing a complaint in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey on March 24, 2010. On March 30, 2010, the plaintiffs filed their First Amended Complaint (referred to primarily as the “complaint” throughout). The defendants challenged the plaintiffs' invocation of the District Court's jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331, and in an opinion dated December 7, 2010, the District Court granted the defendants' motion to dismiss on the ground that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction. Specifically, the District Court held that all three of the plaintiffs failed to allege the requisite injury in fact and thus did not meet their burden to demonstrate standing. The District Court's opinion did not address the defendants' alternative jurisdictional arguments or the merits of the plaintiffs' constitutional challenge. This timely appeal followed.
II.
Article III of the United States Constitution limits the jurisdiction of federal courts to the resolution of “[c]ases” and “[c]ontroversies.” U.S. Const. art. III, § 2. “This language restricts the federal judicial power to the traditional role of the Anglo–American courts” and thereby prevents courts from taking “possession of almost every subject proper for legislative discussion and decision.” Ariz. Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn, –––U.S. ––––, 131 S.Ct. 1436, 1441–42, 179 L.Ed.2d 523 (2011) (citations and quotation marks omitted). “No principle is more fundamental to the judiciary's proper role in our system of government than the constitutional limitation of federal-court jurisdiction to actual cases or controversies.” Simon v. E. Ky. Welfare Rights Org., 426 U.S. 26, 37, 96 S.Ct. 1917, 48 L.Ed.2d 450 (1976).
“Courts enforce the case-or-controversy requirement through the several justiciability doctrines,” which “include standing, ripeness, mootness, the political-question doctrine, and the prohibition on advisory opinions.” Toll Bros., Inc. v. Twp. of Readington, 555 F.3d 131, 137 (3d Cir.2009). This appeal implicates standing, “[p]erhaps the most important of these doctrines.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). Standing “is every bit as important in its circumscription of the judicial power of the United States as in its granting of that power.” Valley Forge Christian Coll. v. Ams. United for Separation of Church & State, Inc., 454 U.S. 464, 476, 102 S.Ct. 752, 70 L.Ed.2d 700 (1982).
The three “irreducible” constitutional elements of standing are: (1) an “injury in fact”; (2) “a causal connection between the injury and the conduct complained of—the injury has to be fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant, and not the result of the independent action of some third party not before the court”; and (3) a showing that it “be likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that the injury will be redressed by a favorable decision.” Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560–61, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992) (alterations, citations, and quotation marks omitted). The only constitutional element at issue on this appeal is the first one—“injury in fact.”
To establish injury in fact, a plaintiff must allege an injury that is both (1) “concrete and particularized” and (2) “actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical.” Id. (quotations omitted). Each of these definitional strands imposes unique constitutional requirements. An injury is “concrete” if it is “real,” City of L.A. v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 102, 103 S.Ct. 1660, 75 L.Ed.2d 675 (1983), or “distinct and palpable, as opposed to merely abstract,” Whitmore v. Arkansas, 495 U.S. 149, 155, 110 S.Ct. 1717, 109 L.Ed.2d 135 (1990) (quotation marks and citations omitted), while an injury is sufficiently “particularized” if it “affect[s] the plaintiff in a personal and individual way,” Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560 n. 1, 112 S.Ct. 2130. The second requirement—“actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical”—makes plain that if a harm is not presently or “actual[ly]” occurring, the alleged future injury must be sufficiently “imminent.” Imminence is “somewhat elastic,” Lujan, 504 U.S. at 564 n. 2, 112 S.Ct. 2130, but requires, at the very least, that the plaintiffs “demonstrate a realistic danger of sustaining a direct injury,” Babbitt v. United Farm Workers Nat'l Union, 442 U.S. 289, 298, 99 S.Ct. 2301, 60 L.Ed.2d 895 (1979) (emphasis added); see also Lujan, 504 U.S. at 564 n. 2, 112 S.Ct. 2130 (requiring that an imminent injury be “ certainly impending” (quotation marks omitted)). In other words, there must be a realistic chance—or a genuine probability—that a future injury will occur in order for that injury to be sufficiently imminent.
The Supreme Court has indicated that there may be a temporal component to imminence's probabilistic limitation. McConnell v. FEC, 540 U.S. 93, 226, 124 S.Ct. 619, 157 L.Ed.2d 491 (2003) (holding that an alleged injury in fact that will not occur for at least six years “is too remote temporally to satisfy Article III standing”), overruled on other grounds, Citizens United v. FEC, ––– U.S. ––––, 130 S.Ct. 876, 175 L.Ed.2d 753 (2010).
III.
The defendants present a facial challenge to subject matter jurisdiction, contesting the sufficiency of the plaintiffs' pleadings. We exercise plenary review over the District Court's dismissal on this basis, Common Cause of Pa. v. Pennsylvania, 558 F.3d 249, 257 (3d Cir.2009), accepting all allegations as true and construing
those allegations in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs, see Gould Elecs. Inc. v. United States, 220 F.3d 169, 176 (3d Cir.2000).
We have appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
Only one of the three named plaintiffs must establish standing in order for a court to consider the merits of their challenge to the Health Care Act. See Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc., 547 U.S. 47, 52 n. 2, 126 S.Ct. 1297, 164 L.Ed.2d 156 (2006). Each plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating standing “with the manner and degree of evidence required at the successive stages of the litigation.” Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561, 112 S.Ct. 2130. Accordingly, given the procedural posture of this case, “general factual allegations of injury resulting from the defendant's conduct may suffice.” Id. Even at the motion to dismiss stage, however, “[i]t is a long-settled principle that standing cannot be inferred argumentatively from averments in the pleadings but rather must affirmatively appear in the record.” FW/PBS, Inc. v. City of Dallas, 493 U.S. 215, 231, 110 S.Ct. 596, 107 L.Ed.2d 603 (1990) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). Ultimately, “[a] federal court is powerless to create its own jurisdiction by embellishing otherwise deficient allegations of standing.” Whitmore, 495 U.S. at 155–56, 110 S.Ct. 1717.
IV.
In light of the disposition below, the only issue before this Court is whether the plaintiffs have met their burden in pleading injury in fact. We will assess the allegations relevant to each plaintiff in turn.
A.
The only allegations pertaining to any injury in fact suffered by Patient Roe are as follows: (1) “Roe is a patient of Dr. Criscito who pays himself for his care,” and (2) Roe “is a citizen of the State of New Jersey who chooses who and how to pay for the medical care he receives from Dr. Criscito and others.” App. 33a. These allegations are factually barren with respect to standing. The first apparently suggests that Roe pays for his own health care. The second reveals only that, before Roe pays, he chooses his doctor and his method of payment. It provides no specifics as to whom Roe chooses or how Roe pays.
These allegations are insufficient to establish injury in fact. First, Roe fails to set forth any current “actual” “concrete and particularized” injury. There are no facts alleged to indicate that Roe is in any way presently impacted by the Act or the mandate. This case is thus unlike some of the other pending health care challenges, in which the plaintiffs alleged or demonstrated that they were experiencing some current financial harm or pressure arising out of the individual mandate's looming enforcement in 2014. See Thomas More Law Ctr. v. Obama, No. 10–2388, 651 F.3d 529, 535–36, 2011 WL 2556039, at *3 (6th Cir. June 29, 2011) (“As to actual injury, the declarations of [two of the individual plaintiffs] show that the impending requirement to buy medical insurance on the private market has changed their present spending and saving habits.”); see also Liberty Univ., Inc. v. Geithner, 753 F.Supp.2d 611, 624–25 (W.D.Va.2010) (“Presently felt economic pressure, like that Plaintiffs claim to experience from the employer and individual coverage provisions, may originate from a future event that is in some respects uncertain to occur.”).
Second, Roe's allegations do not establish that a future “concrete and particularized” injury is “imminent.”
As an initial matter, the complaint is entirely silent as to whether Roe will be a non-exempt “applicable individual” subject to the mandate's requirement to obtain “minimum essential coverage” in 2014. This omission, taken in isolation, would not necessarily be fatal to the standing analysis if Roe was otherwise able to establish a “realistic danger” that he would be harmed by the individual mandate. Roe, however, has alleged no predicate facts to demonstrate that his situation will even change when the individual mandate takes effect on January 1, 2014. There is nothing inherent in the terms of the mandate that will alter Roe's current reality, at least as that reality is set forth in the plaintiffs' complaint. Roe will continue to be free to choose “who and how” to pay for his health care needs, including by paying for those needs out of his own pocket. The individual mandate may, of course, impact Roe depending on the precise “who and how” he chooses. Absent more specific allegations, however, we simply cannot conclude on the record before us that there is a realistic danger or genuine probability that Roe will suffer a cognizable imminent injury resulting from the individual mandate.
In so holding, we do not adopt the defendants' argument that two related factors preclude individuals from relying on the individual mandate to establish imminent harm: (1) the passage of time before that mandate will be enforced, and (2) the unpredictability that attends any such passage of time. According to the defendants, the plaintiffs must wait until shortly before the individual mandate's 2014 effective date to file suit in order to establish the requisite “imminence.” We question that reasoning and so do not rely on it.
This case is thus in contrast to Thomas More. In that case, the plaintiffs demonstrated sufficient predicate facts to allow the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit to conclude that “[t]he only developments that could prevent [an] injury from occurring are not probable and indeed themselves highly speculative.” Thomas More, 651 F.3d at 537, 2011 WL 2556039, at *4.
B.
The complaint is similarly deficient in regard to Dr. Criscito. The only allegations pertaining to any injury in fact suffered by Dr. Criscito are as follows: (1) “Dr. Criscito, in the course of his individual practice of medicine, treats patients,” and (2) “[s]ome of those patients pay Dr. Criscito for his care and do not rely on a third-party payor to do so on their behalf.” App. 32a–33a. These allegations—as with the allegations pertaining to Roe—state very little: only that Dr. Criscito, as a doctor, treats patients, and that some of those patients currently pay Dr. Criscito out of pocket.
The plaintiffs argue that Dr. Criscito has (or will) suffer two kinds of injuries pursuant to these allegations. First, the plaintiffs maintain that Dr. Criscito will suffer an injury because “Dr. Criscito, as a citizen of the United States, will be subject to the individual mandate in the same manner and to the same extent as would Patient Roe.” Pls.' Br. 14. The plaintiffs, however, fail to meet their burden in demonstrating injury in fact pursuant to this theory for the same reasons just discussed with respect to Roe. The complaint sets forth no facts to establish that Dr. Criscito is suffering or will suffer an actual or imminent “concrete and particularized” injury.
Second, the plaintiffs posit that, “[i]n addition to this impact, as a physician, [the Health Care Act's] provisions will have a
direct, substantial impact upon Dr. Criscito's medical practice, the manner in which he may, or may not, seek payment for his professional services and the manner in which he may render treatment to his patients.” Pls.' Br. 14. Again, the plaintiffs plead no facts in their complaint to buttress these arguments and thus prove nothing more than an impermissible “conjectural or hypothetical” injury in fact suffered by Dr. Criscito.
The plaintiffs also do not plead any facts to demonstrate that Dr. Criscito will be injured by the Health Care Act's employer responsibility provision, 26 U.S.C. § 4980H. As discussed above, this provision only applies to employers that have at least fifty full-time employees, and the plaintiffs' complaint fails to specify how many employees work for Dr. Criscito. Here, as with Dr. Criscito's other theories of standing, the complaint fails to allege the necessary predicate facts.
C.
Finally, there is only one relevant allegation pertaining to New Jersey Physicians, Inc.: “[New Jersey Physicians, Inc.'s doctor-] members and their patients will be directly affected by the legislation at issue ... should the [legislation] become effective.” App. 32a. In order to establish associational standing, however, an organization must “make specific allegations establishing that at least one identified member ha[s] suffered or would suffer harm.” Summers v. Earth Island Inst., 555 U.S. 488, 129 S.Ct. 1142, 1151, 173 L.Ed.2d 1 (2009).
Here, the only member of New Jersey Physicians, Inc. identified in the complaint is Dr. Criscito, and for the reasons just stated, the complaint fails to establish that Dr. Criscito has experienced any injury in fact. Accordingly, the plaintiffs have failed to meet their burden in proving New Jersey Physicians, Inc.'s associational standing.
Additionally, “[t]here is no question that an association may have standing in its own right to seek judicial relief from injury to itself and to vindicate whatever rights and immunities the association itself may enjoy.” Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 511, 95 S.Ct. 2197, 45 L.Ed.2d 343 (1975). New Jersey Physicians, Inc., however, brings this suit only on behalf of its “members and their patients [who] will be directly affected by the legislation at issue.” App. 32a.
V.
For the reasons discussed above, the plaintiffs have not met their burden in pleading facts that establish the requisite injury in fact and therefore fail to demonstrate standing. We will affirm.