Summary
In Miller v. C.A. Muer, Corp., 124 Mich. App. 780, 336 N.W.2d 215 (1983), the court stated that one objective of the Elliot-Larsen Act is to prevent discriminatory employment practices based on arbitrary classifications, and this purpose would be furthered by construing "marital status" to include a prohibition against discriminatory employment practices based on the identities of one spouse.
Summary of this case from Sears v. Ryder Truck Rental, Inc.Opinion
Docket No. 60299.
Decided April 18, 1983. Leave to appeal applied for.
Fieger Fieger, P.C. (by Geoffrey N. Fieger), for plaintiff.
Karl R. Bennett, Jr., P.C. (by Karl R. Bennett, Jr.), for defendant.
Plaintiff appeals as of right from an order granting summary judgment, GCR 1963, 117.2(1), in favor of defendant.
Plaintiff was employed as a waiter at one of defendant's restaurants. Plaintiff announced his intention to marry a waitress that worked at the same restaurant. Plaintiff was informed by the restaurant manager that the defendant corporation's "no-spouse rule" forbade married couples from working in the same restaurant. Plaintiff was offered three alternatives: quit, be fired, or transfer to another of defendant's restaurants. Plaintiff quit and married his fiancee.
Plaintiff initiated this action based on the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act, MCL 37.2101- 37.2804; MSA 3.548(101)-3.548(804). Specifically, plaintiff sought a declaration that defendant's no-spouse rule violated MCL 37.2202(1)(a); MSA 3.548(202)(1)(a), which prohibits discriminatory employment practices based on marital status. Additionally, plaintiff sought injunctive relief, damages, attorney fees, witness fees, interest, and costs. Defendant's motion for summary judgment on the ground that plaintiff had failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted, GCR 1963, 117.2(1), was granted.
"(1) An employer shall not:
"(a) Fail or refuse to hire, or recruit, or discharge, or otherwise discriminate against an individual with respect to employment compensation, or a term, condition, or privilege of employment, because of * * * marital status."
Whether a no-spouse rule violates the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act's prohibition against employment discrimination on the basis of marital status is a question of first impression. We note that a federal district court has stated that a no-spouse rule does not violate this act. See Klanseck v Prudential Ins Co of America, 509 F. Supp. 13 (ED Mich, 1980). While federal district court opinions interpreting Michigan statutes may be persuasive with this Court and are always considered, they are not binding precedent. See Civil Rights Comm v Chrysler Corp, 80 Mich. App. 368, 375, fn 4; 263 N.W.2d 376 (1977).
The learned and highly respected federal district court judge Thomas P. Thornton decided that Prudential's policy fell within the terms of the statute which allowed the exemptions from the general rule prohibiting discrimination upon a showing of a bona fide occupational qualification "reasonably necessary to the normal operation of the business". See MCL 37.2208; MSA 3.548(208). The possibility of such an exemption has not been decided here and defendant may prevail below if it can bring itself within the bona fide occupational qualification exemption or successfully assert any other affirmative defense.
While Michigan courts have not addressed the legality of no-spouse rules in light of the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act, courts of other states have addressed the issue in light of analogous statutes existing in their states. In those states, whether the no-spouse rules have been upheld has hinged on the meaning assigned to the term "marital status". If the term is given a restricted meaning, finding "marital status" limited to the state or condition of being married, no-spouse rules have been upheld because they do not discriminate against individuals because they are married, but merely because of the employment of marriage partners. See, e.g., Thomson v Sanborn's Motor Express, Inc, 154 N.J. Super. 555; 382 A.2d 53 (1977); Manhattan Pizza Hut, Inc v New York State Human Rights Appeal Bd, 51 N.Y.2d 506; 415 N.E.2d 950 (1980). Conversely, given an expansive meaning, finding "marital status" to include the identity and occupation of one's spouse, no-spouse rules have been held unlawful. See, e.g., Washington Water Power Co v Washington State Human Rights Comm, 91 Wn.2d 62; 586 P.2d 1149 (1978); Kraft, Inc v State, 284 N.W.2d 386 (Minn, 1979); Thompson v Bd of Trustees, School Dist No 12, Harlem, Blaine County, 627 P.2d 1229 (Mont, 1981).
Marital status is not defined in the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act. As evidenced by the split among the jurisdictions surveyed above, the phrase can be subject to different interpretations within the context of a civil rights act. It can refer solely to the state of being married or can also refer to the identity of one's spouse. Where a statute is found subject to two different interpretations, legislative intent may be found by looking to the purposes and objectives sought to be accomplished by the legislation. Bennetts v State Employees Retirement Bd, 95 Mich. App. 616, 622; 291 N.W.2d 147 (1980). The Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act presents a comprehensive legislative scheme designed to prevent, in part, discriminatory employment practices based on arbitrary classifications. The Legislature's intent would be furthered by construing the term "marital status" to include a prohibition against discriminatory employment practices based on the identity of one's spouse. Consistent with this approach, we find that no-spouse rules, such as the one employed by defendant, are prohibited, unless the classification can qualify as a bona fide occupational qualification reasonably necessary to the normal operation of the business. See MCL 37.2208; MSA 3.548(208).
In the instant case, the trial court's grant of summary judgment is vacated. Under our interpretation of the term "marital status", plaintiff's complaint sets forth a claim upon which relief can be granted.
Vacated and remanded.