Summary
In McBride, the worker married after his injury and despite the statutory language of "the right to death benefits shall become fixed as of said date irrespective of any subsequent change in conditions," the court found that the post-injury spouse qualified for death benefits.
Summary of this case from In re Nilsen v. Legacy Trucking, Inc., W.C. NoOpinion
No. 13,661.
Decided March 11, 1935. Rehearing denied May 6, 1935.
Proceeding under the Workmen's Compensation Act. Judgment denying compensation to dependents of deceased employee.
Reversed.
1. WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION — Dependents — Wife. Under the workmen's compensation statutes, the dependency of a wife is determined as a matter of law where there is a showing that she was living with her husband at the time of his death and was dependent on him for support. In such circumstances there is a conclusive presumption that she is a dependent for all purposes of the compensation act.
2. Statutes — Construction. In construing workmen's compensation statutes, all portions thereof should be read together and harmonized if possible.
3. Dependents — Determination. Under workmen's compensation statutes, all dependencies are not to be fixed as of the time of the accident, and a wife is conclusively presumed to be wholly dependent on the husband if living with him at the time of his injury or death. Dependencies and the extent thereof are fixed as a matter of law.
4. Statutory Construction. The words "irrespective of any subsequent change in conditions," found in section 9, chapter 201, Session Laws of 1923, refer only to dependents.
5. Lump Sum Settlements — Effect. When the Industrial Commission determines the full liability of an insurer by a lump sum award in a workmen's compensation case, that becomes a vested right of dependents of a deceased employee which is distinguishable from compensation claimed as a death benefit which cannot be paid to legal representatives. If any balance due is not paid to the rightful dependents they may recover on their vested right.
6. Statutes — Construction. Provisions of the workmen's compensation laws are to be liberally construed in order to effectuate the beneficent purposes of the several acts.
Error to the District Court of Logan County, Hon. Arlington Taylor, Judge.
Mr. RAYMOND L. SAUTER, Mr. RAYMOND M. SANDHOUSE, for plaintiffs in error.
Mr. EDGAR McCOMB, Mr. MILTON D. GREEN, Mr. PAUL P. PROSSER, Attorney General, Mr. M. S. GINSBERG, Assistant, for defendants in error.
Messrs. YEAMAN, GOVE HUFFMAN, Messrs. WOLVINGTON WORMWOOD, Messrs. JANUARY YEGGE, Mr. L. WARD BANNISTER, Mr. HENRY H. CLARK, Mr. WILLIAM E. HUTTON, Mr. JULIAN P. NORDLUND, Mr. HAROLD CLARK THOMPSON, Mr. FRANK C. WEST, Messrs. BLOUNT, SILVERSTEIN ROSNER, amici curiae on petition for rehearing.
ON February 27, 1931, Herschell McBride, a mechanic in a tire shop in Sterling, Colorado, sustained an injury in the course of his employment. He applied for compensation through the Industrial Commission, and in October, 1932, was awarded the sum of $3,640, for permanent partial disability, to be paid in weekly installments, which were paid from October, 1932, until his death, July 18, 1933. In November, 1931, he married Kathryne McBride, who is plaintiff in error, and who was living with him at the time of his death. February 9, 1933, Sheila McBride, a child, was born and she is the other plaintiff in error.
Kathryne McBride, the wife, on her own behalf and that of her minor child, filed a claim for the unpaid portion of the sum theretofore awarded to her husband. This claim was denied by the referee, the Industrial Commission and the district court, and on the judgment of the district court error is assigned.
In this opinion, Herschell McBride will be designated as the deceased; plaintiff in error Kathryne McBride, as the claimant; and reference will be made to defendants in error, as the commission and insurer, respectively.
There is no dispute concerning the facts as above mentioned. It is apparent, and is conceded, that the referee, the commission and the court in denying the claim, relied upon section 9, chapter 201, Session Laws of 1923, amendatory of section 57, chapter 210, Session Laws of 1919, which, so far as is material in this case, is as follows:
"The question as to who constitute dependents and the extent of their dependency shall be determined as of the date of the accident to the injured employe and the right to death benefits shall become fixed as of said date irrespective of any subsequent change in conditions and such death benefits shall be directly payable to the dependent or dependents entitled thereto or to such person Legally entitled thereto as the Commission may designate."
Counsel for the commission and the insurer, ably contend, that under this statute, the claimant, having married the employee subsequent to the date of the accident, was not a dependent, and not entitled to compensation. Counsel for claimant insist that the matter is not to be determined solely by the provisions of the statute above quoted, and that other provisions of the Workmen's Compensation Act must be considered, especially section 52, chapter 210, Session Laws of 1919, which is as follows:
"For the purposes of this act the following described persons shall be conclusively presumed to be wholly dependent:
"(a) Wife, unless it be shown that she was voluntarily separated and living apart from the husband at the time of his injury or death and was not dependent in whole or in part on him for support.
"(b) Minor children of the deceased under the age of eighteen years. The term `minor child' shall include posthumous children or a child legally adopted prior to the injury."
Claimant's counsel further contend that the dependency of a wife is thereby determined as a matter of law, when there is a showing that she was living with her husband at the time of his death, and was dependent upon him for support; and that there is a conclusive presumption that she is a dependent for all purposes of the compensation act. With the last contention we agree, and adhere to the former decisions of this court, which so determine. London Guarantee and Accident Co. v. Industrial Com., 78 Colo. 478, 242 Pac. 680; Vaughn v. Industrial Com., 79 Colo. 257, 245 Pac. 712.
To give full import to the purposes of the Workmen's Compensation Act as originally enacted and later amended, all portions thereof, should be read together and harmonized if possible. It unquestionably is clear that certain persons, under prescribed conditions, shall be considered dependents, and in that connection, as it relates to other purposes of the act, section 1, chapter 174, Session Laws, 1931, which was enacted subsequently to section 57 of the 1923 act above quoted, is applicable to this case and is as follows: "Children eighteen years of age or over, husband, mother, father, grandmother, grandfather, sister, brother or grandchild, who were wholly or partially supported by the deceased employe at the time of his death and for a reasonable period of time immediately prior thereto, shall be considered his actual dependents. If such dependents be a son, grandson, or brother eighteen years of age or over, a husband, father or grandfather, to be entitled to compensation, they must prove that they were incapable of or actually disabled from earning their own living during the said time; Provided, however, if said incapacity or disability is temporary only, compensation shall be paid only during the period of such temporary incapacity or disability."
This later section fixes the condition upon which certain persons are to be considered dependent. It determines their dependency as of the time of the employee's death, and does so, regardless of the time of the accident. It then follows, that this latter section, to which reference will be made as amended section 53, is in conflict with amended section 57, hereinbefore quoted, if said amended section 57 is to be construed as fixing all dependencies as of the time of the accident. We do not so construe it. Injury and death are not always coincident. This being true, conditions constituting dependency may change during the intervening period, as is often the case, and it must follow, that the extent of the right to death benefits cannot always be fixed as of the date of the accident. The wording of the amended section 57, presupposes a question to be determined. That question is "who" and "the extent." Section 52, Session Laws, 1919 and amended section 53, herein quoted, leave no question to be determined. Dependency and extent are fixed as a matter of law. "For all purposes of the act" the legislature said the wife is conclusively presumed to be wholly dependent on the husband if living with him at the time of his injury or his death. Had the legislature intended to exclude a post-injury wife, words were just as available then as now, to so specifically state.
Counsel for the commission and insurer rely upon the words "irrespective of any subsequent change in conditions" as determinative of the rights of the claimant here who became a wife subsequent to the accident, and deal with the matter as a subsequent change of the condition of the injured employee. The quoted words, can refer only to dependents, because the legislature was considering only dependents in fixing the right to a death benefit. The injured employee must first have died. If applied as counsel contends for, the word "irrespective" has not fixed meaning, because amended section 58, immediately following, enumerates "subsequent" happenings that either terminate or change the benefits.
Many cases from other states are cited and excerpts from the opinions freely quoted, but we do not find them helpful or controlling, because the entire Workmen's Compensation Act of Colorado, as now amended, has no counterpart in any of those states; however, a similarity in some parts, which are discussed in some of the cited cases, tend only to confuse. Reference is made to, and reliance had upon, the case of Dahlquist v. Nevada Industrial Com., 46 Nev. 107, 206 Pac. 197. In that case the claimant was a common-law wife before the injury and a wife by ceremonial marriage the day after the injury. All that is said by the court in its opinion, with reference to the ceremonial marriage is obiter dicta, because the court found that marriage before the injury had been established under common law. Such parts of section 26 of the Nevada Compensation Act, which are similar to the Colorado statute, as are pertinent, are as follows: "The following persons shall be conclusively presumed to be totally dependent for support upon a deceased employee: 1. A wife upon a husband whom she has not voluntarily abandoned at the time of the injury," and another section of the Nevada statute is like our amended section 57. Note the distinction between this statute and section 52 of the Colorado act, which we repeat: "(a) Wife, unless it be shown that she was voluntarily separated and living apart from the husband at the time of his injury or death." The original Workmen's Compensation Act of Colorado, enacted in 1915, did not contain the words "or death" and it is significant, that four years later, for some good purpose, these words found their way into our present law. In the absence of these words, the commission's contentions would have more weight.
As a further indication that the conclusions — favorable to the wife — herein reached are not only legally correct, but righteous, and unharmful to insurer, we find that the claimant herein, as a post-injury spouse, was recognized as a dependent by the insurer, as appears from the following quotation from a letter to the commission written by the insurer, at a time when deceased was making application for a lump sum settlement.
"I note from the application that his wife is expecting a child within the next few weeks and that he is requesting that we approve lump sum for the expense, to which we offer no objection and are heartily in accord with the granting of this portion of the lump sum settlement. I feel that $500.00 at this time should be sufficient to take care of this need and then at a later date, he is desirous of requesting a further lump sum, and the same is for his best interests, we will then offer no objections." This was allowed and paid.
Moreover, in this connection, the commission finally determined the full liability of the insurer by a lump sum award, in the amount of $3,640. That became a vested right. The extent of injury was fixed, as much so as by judgment. This right would survive. It is to be distinguished from compensation, claimed as a death benefit which cannot be paid to legal representatives, because barred by the amendment of section 57, Session Laws of 1919. In either event, the insurer here cannot escape payment of the unpaid portion, as attempted; it rightfully should go to the post-injury spouse, as a dependent or in the alternative, she could recover as a person legally entitled thereto.
The claimant here had received support as a dependent out of deceased's compensation, which was the equivalent of wages; was recognized as a bona fide dependent by the insurer; and now the groping about for a reason to deny her what she would have rightfully received, had deceased lived a sufficient length of time, is equivalent to insisting that a strict interpretation is to be placed upon these seemingly conflicting provisions of the statute, which is not in accord with the beneficent purposes of the act; and to further say, that workmen, after an injury, should cease to be natural, social companionate personalities.
The judgment is reversed with directions to remand the case to the commission for entry of its award to claimant for the unpaid portion of the lump sum award.
MR. JUSTICE HILLIARD and MR. JUSTICE BOUCK dissent.