Opinion
CASE NO. 1:13-cv-01173
05-20-2015
LARRY JOHNSON, Petitioner, v. NEIL TURNER, Warden, Respondent.
JUDGE BENITA Y. PEARSON REPORT & RECOMMENDATION
Petitioner Larry Johnson ("Petitioner" or "Johnson"), acting pro se, filed this habeas corpus action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 ("Petition"). Doc. 1. Johnson challenges the constitutionality of his conviction and sentence in State v. Johnson, Case No. CR-10-544379-A (Cuyahoga County). Doc. 1. Johnson pleaded no contest plea to the indictment, which included three counts of trafficking (Counts One, Three and Five); two counts of drug possession (Counts Two and Four); one count of possessing criminal tools (count Six), and one count of having weapons under a disability (Count Seven). Doc. 5-2, pp. 1-8, 22-23. The trial court ordered forfeiture of three cell phones, cash, and a gun and sentenced Johnson to a total of 13 years. Doc. 5-2, pp. 22- 23; Doc. 5-4, p. 244.
The counts as charged in the indictment included various specifications, including major drug offender specifications, juvenile specifications, firearm specifications and forfeiture specifications. Doc. 5-2, pp. 1-8.
Page number references refer to the page number for the cited ECF Doc.
This matter has been referred to the undersigned Magistrate Judge pursuant to Local Rule 72.2. For the reasons set forth below, the undersigned recommends that the Court DISMISS Johnson's Petition (Doc. 1).
I. Factual Background
In a habeas corpus proceeding instituted by a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a state court, the state court's factual determinations are presumed correct. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). The petitioner has the burden of rebutting that presumption by clear and convincing evidence. Id.; see also Railey v. Webb, 540 F. 3d 393, 397 (6th Cir. 2008) cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 2878 (2009). The Eighth District Ohio Court of Appeals summarized the facts underlying Johnson's conviction as follows:
{¶ 2} On November 16, 2010, Cleveland police responded to a dispatch call reporting shots fired at 3067 W. 47th Street. Several police vehicles arrived at the scene, because the caller reported that the shots were fired from an AK47 assault rifle and that someone was shot inside the house. Dispatch provided additional information over the radio, such as defendant's name as a possible suspect, the involvement of a brown Oldsmobile, and the allegation that more assault rifles were in the house. Also, the address was corrected to 3064—rather than 3067—W. 47th Street.State v. Johnson, 2012 WL 1067885, * 1 (Ohio App. Ct. Mar. 29, 2012); see also Doc. 5-2, pp. 101-102, ¶¶ 2-4.
{¶ 3} Police officers surrounded the house, which is a duplex, and Det. John Graves spoke with the woman who lives in the downstairs unit. She stated that defendant had just run from a black vehicle to the upstairs unit where he lives. Police heard noises and saw a light come on upstairs, although there was no answer when they knocked on the door. Dispatch then broadcasted that the caller just reported that there was a dead body and drugs in the house.
{¶ 4} Based on this information, the police forcibly entered the house to secure the scene. Defendant and two other males were inside. No one was injured, and there was no dead body. There was, however, a strong odor of marijuana. Asked by police, defendant admitted smoking marijuana and stated that there was marijuana in the bedroom. Det. Graves asked defendant if the police could search the house, and defendant consented verbally and in writing. The search revealed marijuana, crack cocaine, powder cocaine, drug manufacturing paraphernalia, and a gun in the house.
II. Procedural Background
A. State conviction
In 2010, a Cuyahoga County Grand Jury indicted Johnson on seven counts, including three counts of trafficking in violation of O.R.C. § 2925.03(A)(2) (Counts One, Three and Five); two counts of drug possession in violation of O.R.C. § 2925.11(A) (Counts Two and Four); one count of possessing criminal tools in violation of O.R.C. § 2923.24(A) (Count Six); and one count of having weapons under a disability in violation of O.R.C. § 2923.13(A)(2) (Count Seven). Doc. 5-2, pp. 1-8.
Counts One, Three and Five all included juvenile specifications, firearm specifications and forfeiture specifications. Doc. 5-2, pp. 1-8. Count One also included a major drug offender specification. Doc. 5-2, p. 1.
Counts Two and Four each included firearm and forfeiture specifications. Doc. 5-2, pp. 2-3, 5. Count Two also included a major drug offender specification. Doc. 5-2, p. 2.
Count Six included forfeiture specifications. Doc. 5-2, p. 7.
Count Seven included a forfeiture specification. Doc. 5-2, p. 8.
Initially, Johnson pleaded not guilty to the indictment. Doc. 5-2, p. 9. Through counsel, on February 4, 2011, Johnson filed a motion to suppress and exclude as evidence all property seized in the warrantless search of his home. Doc. 5-2, pp. 10-13. Johnson argued that the police officers lacked probable cause and exigent circumstances for the search of his property. Doc. 5-2, pp. 10-13. The State opposed the motion to suppress arguing that there were exigent circumstances for the entry into Johnson's home and that the police had also obtained Johnson's consent to conduct a search. Doc. 5-2, pp. 14-20. The trial court conducted a suppression hearing (Doc. 5-4, pp. 2-174) and, on June 15, 2011, the trial court denied Johnson's motion to suppress, finding that the entry into Johnson's home occurred under exigent circumstances (Doc. 5-4, p. 179) and that, once the police determined that there was no injured or dead body, the police asked Johnson to sign a consent to search form and Johnson voluntarily signed the consent form and that his consent was not coerced (Doc. 5-4, pp. 179-181). Doc. 5-2, p. 21; Doc. 5-4, pp. 175-183.
During the suppression hearing, Johnson's counsel also argued that Johnson's consent was not voluntary. Doc. 5-5, p. 5.
On June 20, 2011, Johnson withdrew his not guilty plea and entered a plea of no contest to all counts in the indictment. Doc. 5-2, pp. 22-23, Doc. 5-4, pp. 184-222, 240-241. The trial court then made findings of guilt on each of the counts and sentenced Johnson to a total of 13 years. Doc. 5-2, pp. 22-23; Doc. 5-4, pp. 239-244. The trial court ordered Johnson to forfeit to the State three cell phones, cash, and the gun. Doc. 5-2, p. 22.
For purposes of sentencing, the trial court merged Count Two with Count One and Count Four with Count Three. Doc. 5-2, p. 23; Doc. 5-4, pp. 241-242. The trial court sentenced Johnson to 10 years on Count One with an additional 1 year on the firearm specification; 5 years on Count Three with an additional 1 year on the firearm specification; 12 months on Count Five with an additional 1 year on the firearm specification; 6 months on Count Six; and 2 years on Count Seven. Doc. 5-2, p. 23; Doc. 5-4, pp. 239-244. The trial court merged all the firearm specifications for purposes of sentencing. Doc. 5-2, p. 23; Doc. 5-4, pp. 243-244. The sentences on Counts One, Three, Five, and Six ran concurrent with each other and the sentence on Count Seven ran consecutive with those Counts for a total of 13 years, including the sentence for the firearm specifications. Doc. 5-2, p. 23; Doc. 5-4, p. 244.
B. Direct appeal
On June 29, 2011, Johnson, through counsel, filed a Notice of Appeal in the Eighth District Court of Appeals. Doc. 5-2, pp. 24-43. On October 24, 2011, Johnson filed his Assignments of Error and Brief (Doc. 5-2, pp. 44-68) wherein he raised the following three assignments of error:
At sentencing, the trial court assigned new counsel to serve as appellate counsel. Doc. 5-4, p. 245. However, Johnson proceeded with his direct appeal with trial counsel serving as his appellate counsel.
I. The court erred when it denied the appellant's motion to suppress and exclude illegally seized evidence.Doc. 5-2, pp. 56-66. The State filed its appellate brief on December 15, 2011. Doc. 5-2, pp. 69-84. On January 9, 2012, Johnson filed a Reply brief. Doc. 5-2, pp. 85-98. On March 29, 2012, the Eighth District Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment of the trial court. Doc. 5-2, pp. 99-111; State v. Johnson, 2012 WL 1067885 (Ohio App. Ct. Mar. 29, 2012)
II. The court erred and due process was offended when it denied the motion for return of illegally seized property.
III. The court erred when, without a factual basis it forfeited all property seized from the accused.
On May 4, 2012, Johnson, through counsel, filed a Notice of Appeal and Memorandum in Support of Jurisdiction in the Supreme Court of Ohio. Doc. 5-3, pp. 1-33. In his Memorandum in Support of Jurisdiction, Johnson raised the following three propositions of law:
Trial counsel continued to represent Johnson and filed the Notice of Appeal and Memorandum in Support of Jurisdiction in the Supreme Court of Ohio.
I. Standing alone an anonymous tip provided the police that identifies an individual and his residence, and which accuses him (by name) of firing shots from his residence with an AK47 and that claims there was a body inside, was insufficient to justify a warrantless entry and search under the "exigent circumstances doctrine."Doc. 5-3, pp. 13-21. On May 9, 2012, the State filed a Waiver of Memorandum in Response. Doc. 5-3, p. 34. On July 5, 2012, the Supreme Court of Ohio declined jurisdiction to hear Johnson's case and dismissed his appeal as not involving any substantial constitutional question. Doc. 5-3, p. 35.
II. A consent to search is not automatically validated by the fact that Miranda warnings were given if they were proceeded by an illegal search and/or illegal arrest.
III. When a criminal prosecution is terminated with (or without) a conviction, at that point the person from whom property was seized has a right to its return, and this is so unless it is proven the property is forfeitable as contraband, or the state has a legitimate right not to return the property from whom it was taken.
On October 29, 2012, acting pro se, Johnson filed a petition for writ of certiorari in the Supreme Court of the United States. Doc. 5-3, pp. 36-90. In his petition for writ of certiorari, Johnson presented the following questions:
1. Under the facts of this case an unknown caller to the police conjured up exigent circumstances, inciting police to believe a crime was afoot. In these instances the Petitioner would ask the Justices of this court if police are obligated to verify or corroborate the information they received when arriving at the scene?Doc. 5-3, p. 43. On January 14, 2013, the United States Supreme Court denied Johnson's petition for writ of certiorari. Doc. 5-3, p. 91. On February 5, 2013, Johnson filed a petition for rehearing for a writ of certiorari with the United States Supreme Court (Doc. 5-3, pp. 92-96) presenting one question:
2. When a tipster does not provide supporting evidence of how he has knowledge of an alleged crime, and the police cannot find any evidence to support probable cause when they arrive on the scene, is a warrantless, forced entry legal or would it violate the resident's Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures?
3. When police are making forced entry into a home, based on information they believe tentatively supports a possible exigent circumstance, a protective sweep of a home is legal. However, during that exploratory search of the property if they determine that no emergency exists, (the information provided by a tipster is false) should all contact and continued investigatory questioning with the resident of the home end absent new evidence or probable cause for some other felony, discovered during the initial protective sweep? Or, does continued detention of the resident constitute an illegal seizure?
4. Can a person give voluntary consent to a search of his home where the attenuation from the first search has not been broken because the suspect was never free to go?
5. Does a report of drugs and weapons at a person's home, standing alone and lacking credible proof, produce a reasonable belief of probable cause to permit a warrantless search and arrest?
6. If a search incident to arrest is legal, does a request by police for the suspect to consent to a search after he is arrested and while he is still in custody undermine the legality of the first search and arrest?
Exigent circumstances authorizes a substantial invasion of the privacy of the persons residence, does the protective sweep become more, causing an intrusive search of the premise, exploiting, duress, and ignorance by coercion, to gain more information, and consent when the exigent or emergency circumstances dissipates.Doc. 5-3, p. 94. On March 4, 2013, the United States Supreme Court denied Johnson's petition for rehearing. Doc. 5-3, p. 97.
C. Federal Habeas Corpus
On May 24, 2013, Johnson, acting pro se, filed his Petition asserting three grounds for relief (Doc. 1), which are set forth and discussed below in Section III.C. On July 30, 2013, Respondent filed a Return of Writ. Doc. 5. On October 11, 2013, Petitioner filed a Traverse. Doc. 8. On October 24, 2013, Respondent filed a Reply (Doc. 9) and, on May 27, 2014, Petitioner filed a Sur-Reply (Doc. 11).
On December 19, 2014, the Court granted Petitioner leave to file the sur-reply contained in Petitioner's Response to Respondent's Reply (Doc. 11). Doc. 17.
III. Law and Analysis
A. Standard of Review under AEDPA
The provisions of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, Pub.L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 ("AEDPA"), apply to petitions filed after the effective date of the AEDPA. Stewart v. Erwin, 503 F.3d 488, 493 (6th Cir. 2007). In particular, the controlling AEDPA provision states:
The AEDPA statute of limitations for filing a petition for a writ of habeas corpus is one year and it begins to run on the date judgment became final. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1). The statute of limitations has not been raised as an issue in this case.
An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted with respect to any28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). "A decision is 'contrary to' clearly established federal law when 'the state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by the Supreme Court on a question of law or decides a case differently than the Supreme Court has on a set of materially indistinguishable facts.'" Otte v. Houk, 654 F.3d 594, 599 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412-13 (2000)). "A state court's adjudication only results in an 'unreasonable application' of clearly established federal law when 'the state court identifies the correct governing legal principle from the Supreme Court's decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner's case.'" Id. at 599-600 (quoting Williams, 529 U.S. at 413). "The 'unreasonable application' clause requires the state court decision to be more than incorrect or erroneous." Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 75 (2003). "The state court's application of clearly established law must be objectively unreasonable." Id.
claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings unless the adjudication of the claim-
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or
(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.
In order to obtain federal habeas corpus relief, a petitioner must establish that the state court's decision "was so lacking in justification that there was an error well understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement." Bobby v. Dixon, 132 S. Ct. 26, 27 (2011) (quoting Harrington v. Richter, 131 S. Ct. 770, 786-87 (2011). This bar is "difficult to meet" because "habeas corpus is a 'guard against extreme malfunctions in the state criminal justice systems,' not a substitute for ordinary error correction through appeal." Richter, 131 S. Ct. at 786 (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 332 n.5 (1979) (Stevens, J., concurring in judgment)). In short, "[a] state court's determination that a claim lacks merit precludes federal habeas relief so long as 'fairminded jurists could disagree' on the correctness of the state court's decision." Id. (quoting Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 664 (2004)). The petitioner carries the burden of proof. Cullen v. Pinholster, 131 S.Ct. 1388, 1398 (2011).
B. Procedural Barriers
A federal court may not grant a writ of habeas corpus unless the petitioner has exhausted all available remedies in state court. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(A). A state defendant with federal constitutional claims must fairly present those claims to the state courts before raising them in a federal habeas corpus action. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b), (c); Anderson v. Harless, 459 U.S. 4, 6 (1982) (per curiam); Picard v. Connor, 404 U.S. 270, 275-76 (1971); see also Fulcher v. Motley, 444 F.3d 791, 798 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting Newton v. Million, 349 F.3d 873, 877 (6th Cir. 2003)) ("[f]ederal courts do not have jurisdiction to consider a claim in a habeas petition that was not 'fairly presented' to the state courts"). A constitutional claim for relief must be presented to the state's highest court in order to satisfy the fair presentation requirement. See O'Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 845-48 (1999); Hafley v. Sowders, 902 F.2d 480, 483 (6th Cir. 1990).
Additionally, a petitioner must meet certain procedural requirements in order to have his claims reviewed in federal court. Smith v. Ohio Dep't of Rehab. & Corr., 463 F.3d 426, 430 (6th Cir. 2006). "Procedural barriers, such as . . . rules concerning procedural default and exhaustion of remedies, operate to limit access to review on the merits of a constitutional claim." Daniels v. United States, 532 U.S. 374, 381 (2001). Although procedural default is sometimes confused with exhaustion, exhaustion and procedural default are distinct concepts. Williams v. Anderson, 460 F.3d 789, 806 (6th Cir. 2006). Failure to exhaust applies where state remedies are "still available at the time of the federal petition." Id. at 806 (quoting Engle v. Isaac, 456 U.S. 107, 125 n.28 (1982)). In contrast, where state court remedies are no longer available, procedural default rather than exhaustion applies. Williams, 460 F.3d at 806.
Procedural default may occur in two ways. Williams, 460 F.3d at 806. First, a petitioner procedurally defaults a claim if he fails "to comply with state procedural rules in presenting his claim to the appropriate state court." Id. Second, "a petitioner may procedurally default a claim by failing to raise a claim in state court, and pursue that claim through the state's 'ordinary appellate review procedures.'" Williams, 460 F.3d at 806 (citing O'Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 848 (1999)); see also Baston v. Bagley, 282 F.Supp.2d 655, 661 (N.D.Ohio 2003) ("Issues not presented at each and every level [of the state courts] cannot be considered in a federal habeas corpus petition."); see also State v. Moreland, 50 Ohio St.3d 58, 62 (1990)(failure to present a claim to a state court of appeals constituted a waiver). "If, at the time of the federal habeas petition, state law no longer allows the petitioner to raise the claim, the claim is procedurally defaulted." Williams, 460 F.3d at 806. While the exhaustion requirement is technically satisfied because there are no longer any state remedies available to the petitioner, see Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 732 (1991), the petitioner's failure to have the federal claims considered in the state courts constitutes a procedural default of those claims that bars federal court review. Williams, 460 F.3d at 806.
In Maupin v. Smith, 785 F.2d 135, 138 (6th Cir. 1986), the Sixth Circuit provided four prongs of analysis to be used when determining whether a claim is barred on habeas corpus review due to a petitioner's failure to comply with a state procedural rule: (1) whether there is a state procedural rule applicable to petitioner's claim and whether petitioner failed to comply with that rule; (2) whether the state court enforced the procedural rule; (3) whether the state procedural rule is an adequate and independent state ground on which the state can foreclose review of the federal constitutional claim and (4) whether the petitioner can demonstrate cause for his failure to follow the rule and that he was actually prejudiced by the alleged constitutional error.
To overcome a procedural bar, a petitioner must show cause for the default and actual prejudice that resulted from the alleged violation of federal law or that there will be a fundamental miscarriage of justice if the claims are not considered. Coleman, 501 U.S. at 750. "'[C]ause' under the cause and prejudice test must be something external to the petitioner, something that cannot be fairly attributed to him." Id. at 753. "[T]he existence of cause for a procedural default must ordinarily turn on whether the prisoner can show that some objective factor external to the defense impeded counsel's efforts to comply with the State's procedural rule." Id. "A fundamental miscarriage of justice results from the conviction of one who is 'actually innocent.'" Lundgren v. Mitchell, 440 F.3d 754, 764 (6th Cir. 2006) (citing Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 496 (1986).
C. Grounds for relief
1. Ground One is not cognizable
Ground One: Fourth Amendment violationsDoc. 1, p. 5.
Supporting Facts: Standing alone an anonymous tip provided the police that identifies an individual and his residence, and which accuses him by name of firing shots from his residence with an AK-47, and claims that a body was inside, was insufficient to justify a warrantless entry and search under the "exigent circumstances doctrine."
In Ground One, Johnson claims a violation of the Fourth Amendment and seeks federal habeas review of the state court's determination that, because exigent circumstances existed and Johnson consented to the search, suppression of evidence obtained during the search of Johnson's premises was not warranted. The Supreme Court has held, "that where the State has provided an opportunity for full and fair litigation of a Fourth Amendment claim, a state prisoner may not be granted federal habeas corpus relief on the ground that evidence obtained in an unconstitutional search or seizure was introduced at his trial." Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465, 494 (1976). In Riley v. Gray, 674 F.2d 522, 526 (6th Cir. 1982), the Sixth Circuit "developed a two-step inquiry in assessing whether Stone applies to preclude federal habeas review of Fourth Amendment claims." Shepherd v. Warden, Pickaway Correctional Inst., 2011 WL 3664442, * 6 (S.D. Ohio May 31, 2011), report and recommendation adopted, 2011 WL 3652615 (S.D. Ohio Aug. 18, 2011). First, "the district court must determine whether the state procedural mechanism in the abstract, presents the opportunity to raise a fourth amendment claim." Riley, 674 F.2d at 526. "Second, the court must determine whether presentation of the claim was in fact frustrated because of a failure of that mechanism." Id. The Sixth Circuit more recently clarified that "the Powell 'opportunity for full and fair consideration' means an available avenue for the prisoner to present his claim to the state courts, not an inquiry into the adequacy of the procedure actually used to resolve that particular claim." Enyart v. Coleman, 29 F.Supp.3d 1059, 1087 (N.D. Ohio Jul. 11, 2014) (discussing and quoting Good v. Berghuis, 729 F.3d 636, 639 (6th Cir. 2013). Thus, when considering whether a petitioner has had a full and fair opportunity to litigate his Fourth Amendment claim, the Sixth Circuit directs that a court ask: "Did the state courts permit the defendant to raise the claim or not?" Id. (quoting Good, 729 F.3d at 640).
With respect to the first inquiry under Riley, Ohio has a mechanism in place for resolving Fourth Amendment claims. It provides a defendant, such as Johnson, the opportunity to file a pretrial motion to suppress and the opportunity to take a direct appeal from the denial of the motion to suppress. See Riley, 674 F.2d at 526 (finding that Ohio criminal and appellate rules provide adequate procedural mechanisms for litigation of fourth amendment claims). With respect to the second inquiry under Riley, there is no indication that Johnson's presentation of his Fourth Amendment claim was frustrated by a failure of Ohio's procedural mechanism. See e.g., Pierce v. Bunting, 2014 WL 5517256, * 7 (N.D. Ohio Oct. 31, 2014). The record clearly shows that Johnson had a full and fair opportunity to litigate his Fourth Amendment claims in state court. In state court, prior to entering his plea of no contest, pursuant to Ohio R. Crim. P. 12, Johnson's counsel filed a motion to suppress. Doc. 5-2, pp. 10-13. The State filed a brief in opposition. Doc. 5-2, pp. 14-20. Following submission of motion and brief in opposition, on June 2, 2011, and June 6, 2011, the trial court held a hearing on Johnson's motion to suppress. Doc. 5-4, pp. 2-174. During the motion to suppress hearing, Johnson, through counsel, had the opportunity to call, examine and cross-examine witnesses and present argument. Doc. 5-4. pp. 2-174. Following the motion to suppress hearing, the trial court stated "I've heard your arguments. I've heard all of the testimony. I'm going to look at your motions, and read the case law, and I will give you a ruling soon. I can't give you a definite time frame." Doc. 5-4, pp. 173-174. On June 15, 2011, the trial court in open court denied Johnson's motion to suppress. Doc. 5-4, pp. 175-181. The trial court's order denying Johnson's motion to suppress was journalized on that same date. Doc. 5-2, p. 21. Following his no contest plea, Johnson, through counsel, challenged the trial court's denial of his motion to suppress in his direct appeal. Doc. 5-2, pp. 56-65. The Eighth District Court of Appeals considered Johnson's assignments of error regarding the alleged unconstitutional search and seizure and affirmed the trial court's judgment. Doc. 5-2, pp. 99-111. Johnson, through counsel, appealed to the Supreme Court of Ohio. Doc. 5-3, pp. 1-33. The Supreme Court of Ohio declined jurisdiction. Doc. 5-3, p. 35. Johnson, acting pro se, filed a petition for writ of certiorari in the United State Supreme Court raising issues related to the search of his premises. Doc. 5-3, pp. 42-90. The United States Supreme Court denied Johnson's petition for writ of certiorari (Doc. 5-3, p. 91) as well as Johnson's subsequent petition for rehearing for a writ of certiorari (Doc. 5-3, pp. 92-97; Doc. 5-3, p. 98)).
The foregoing demonstrates that Johnson had a full and fair opportunity to and did present his Fourth Amendment claims. Further, Johnson fails to identify anything in the state court record to suggest that his ability to present his Fourth Amendment claims was frustrated as a result of the state court's process for presentation of his claims. Thus, federal habeas review of Johnson's first ground or relief is barred by Stone.
Relying on Abdul-Mateen v. Hofbauer, 2000 U.S. App. LEXIS 11788, 2000 WL 687653 (6th Cir. 2000), Johnson argues that the Stone bar does not apply because there was an "egregious error" made by the state courts in applying Fourth Amendment law. Doc. 8, pp. 4, 13-14. In Abdul-Mateen, the Sixth Circuit indicated that, "absent proof of 'egregious error in the application of fourth amendment principles,'" the second inquiry under Riley is a review as to whether the state provided an adequate mechanism for resolution of Fourth Amendment claims. 2000 WL 687653, * 3 (relying on Riley, 674 F.2d at 526). While the Sixth Circuit may have suggested in Abdul-Mateen that Riley set forth a possible exception to the Stone bar, i.e., where there is an "egregious error" in applying Fourth Amendment principles, the Sixth Circuit noted that "[t]he inquiry is not meant to be a case by case review of state court determinations." Id.
Further, the Sixth Circuit, in a decision following Riley, rejected an argument that an egregious misapplication of controlling Supreme Court precedent could justify reaching the merits of a Fourth Amendment claim on habeas review reasoning that "This court in Riley declined to adopt the portion of Gamble[v. Oklahoma, 583 F.2d 1161 (10th Cir. 1978)] permitting federal review of egregious substantive errors committed by state courts on Fourth Amendment claims . . . Since the Kentucky courts provided Gilbert with a full and fair opportunity to litigate his Fourth Amendment claims, second-guessing the Kentucky Supreme Court on the merits would be inconsistent with Stone." See Gilbert v. Parke, 763 F.2d 821, 824 (6th Cir. 1985); see also Blevins v. Rogers, 2010 WL 649097, * 2, n. 1 (N.D. Ohio Feb. 19, 2010) (indicating that the Sixth Circuit in Riley rejected the approach used in Gamble v. Oklahoma, 583 F.2d 1161 (10th Cir. 1978) as "inconsistent with Stone's assumption that state courts are as capable of deciding fourth amendment issues as federal courts"); Bergholz v. McMackin, 921 F.2d 276, * 3 (6th Cir. 1990) (per curiam) ("A federal court in a habeas proceeding should not second guess the state court if a full and fair opportunity to present a Fourth Amendment claim is provided to the habeas petitioner.") (citing Gilbert, 763 F.2d at 824); Scola v. Haskell, 7 F.3d 235, * 2 (6th Cir. 1993) (unpublished) ("A state prisoner may not seek habeas relief in 28 U.S.C. § 2254 proceeding on a claim of illegal search and seizure if he had a full and fair opportunity to raise the claim in the state courts and presentation of the claim was not thwarted by any failure of the state's corrective process.") (citing Stone, 428 U.S. at 494-495 and Gilbert, 763 F.2d at 823-824)). Here, it is clear that Johnson was afforded a full and fair opportunity to litigate his Fourth Amendment claims in state court and the state courts fully considered his Fourth Amendment claims. Accordingly, second-guessing or reviewing the merits of the state courts' resolution of Johnson's Fourth Amendment claims would be inconsistent with and is precluded by Stone.
Johnson also claims that Stone's bar to federal habeas review of Fourth Amendment claims was rendered obsolete by the passage of AEDPA and that his Fourth Amendment claims are therefore not barred from review but rather are subject to review under the standards set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). Doc. 11, pp. 1-3 (relying on Carlson v. Ferguson, 9 F.Supp.2d 654 (S.D. W.V. Mar. 16, 1998)). Numerous courts, however, have rejected similar arguments and have continued to apply Stone as good law. See Shepherd v. Warden, Pickaway Correctional Inst., 2011 WL 3664442, * 6 (S.D. Ohio May 31, 2011), report and recommendation adopted, 2011 WL 3652615 (S.D. Ohio Aug. 18, 2011) (rejecting petitioner's claim that Congress overrode Stone in enacting the AEDPA amendments); see Blevins v. Rogers, 2010 WL 649097, * 2 (N.D. Ohio Feb. 19, 2010) ("The holdings of Stone and Riley are still valid under the revised habeas standards of AEDPA."); Ewell v. Scribner, 2011 WL 386954, * 28-29, (E.D. Ca. Feb. 3, 2011), affirmed, 490 Fed. Appx. 891 (9th Cir. 2012) (discussing cases that have continued to apply Stone after the enactment of AEDPA and rejecting petitioner's reliance upon Carlson and Lawhorn as a basis for finding that Stone was no longer applicable after the enactment of AEDPA). Thus, the undersigned finds Johnson's arguments and reliance upon the non-binding cases he cites unpersuasive.
Johnson also cites Lawhorn v. Allen (CA 4, 2008) 519 F.3d 1272 in support of his arguments. Doc. 11, p. 3. While Johnson's citation appears to reference a case out of either California or the 4th Circuit, i.e., (CA 4), the federal reporter citation provided by Johnson, i.e., 519 F.3d 1272, relates to a case out of the 11th Circuit, i.e.,. Lawhorn v. Allen, 519 F.3d 1272 (11th Cir. 2008).
For the foregoing reasons, the undersigned recommends that the Court dismiss Ground One as not cognizable on federal habeas review.
2. Ground Two is not cognizable
Ground Two: Due Process Violation When a criminal prosecution is terminated with or without a conviction.Doc. 1, p. 7.
Supporting Facts: When a criminal prosecution terminates with or without a conviction the property that was illegally seized should be returned to the owner, unless it is proven the property is forfeitable as contraband or the state has a right not to return the property.
Although framed as a due process violation, in Ground Two Johnson does not challenge his custody; rather, he challenges the state's forfeiture of his assets during his criminal proceedings. "Under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a), a district court shall entertain an application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a state court 'only on the ground that he is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.'" Smith v. White, 2012 WL 3961233, * 18 (W.D. Ky. Aug. 7, 2012), report and recommendation adopted, 2012 WL 3947609 (W.D. Ky. Sept. 10, 2012) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a)). Thus, since Johnson's challenge to the forfeiture of his assets is not a challenge to the legality of his custody under the federal Constitution, laws or treaties of the United States, Ground Two is not cognizable in federal habeas review. Id. at *18-19 (concluding that petitioner's claim relating to the forfeiture of his personal property was not properly brought in a § 2254 proceeding); see also McGee v. United States, 2010 WL 310770, * 6 (W.D. Mich. Jan. 21, 2010) ( "[f]orfeiture sentences are not cognizable in § 2255 proceedings" because granting relief as to petitioner's challenges to the forfeiture sentence would not impact his confinement); see also U.S. v. Collier, 2011 WL 1882401, * 11 (E.D. Ky. Jan. 11, 2011), report and recommendation adopted, 2011 WL 1882395 (E.D. Ky. May 17, 2011) ("[A] § 2255 petition may not be used to challenge penalties merely collateral to imprisonment, such as fines and forfeiture of property.") (internal citations omitted); see also Tamayo v. United States, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 65171, *3 (N.D. Tex. Apr. 22, 2011), report and recommendation adopted, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 61140 (N.D. Tex. June 7, 2011) (finding petitioner's illegal forfeiture claim not cognizable in federal habeas review in a § 2255 proceeding because "a challenge to the forfeiture of assets does not go to the validity of a defendant's conviction or sentence").
For the foregoing reasons, the undersigned recommends that the Court dismiss Ground Two as not cognizable on federal habeas review.
3. Ground Three is procedurally defaulted
Ground Three: Ineffective assistance of counsel.Doc. 1, p. 8.
Supporting Facts: Petitioner was represented by the same counsel on appeal as he had at trial.
Johnson does not make clear in his Petition whether he is arguing ineffective assistance of trial counsel, appellate counsel, or both. In his Traverse, Johnson argues, under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance of counsel during the suppression hearing. Doc. 8, pp. 16-19. Respondent contends that Ground Three is procedurally defaulted because Johnson never presented a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel to the state courts and is unable to demonstrate cause or prejudice to excuse the procedural default or a fundamental miscarriage of justice. Doc. 5, pp. 16-17. Johnson acknowledges that he did not present the claim contained in Ground Three to the state courts. Doc. 1, pp. 8-9.
Also, in a conclusory statement, he states that "habeas relief should be granted in light of trial and appellate counsels refusal to subpoena the officers who performed the initial illegal search." Doc. 8, p. 19.
Since Johnson never presented his ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim at any level of the state court proceedings and has not demonstrated that state court remedies remain available to him to raise the claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel, Ground Three is barred from federal habeas review unless he can overcome the procedural default. See O'Sullivan, 526 U.S. at 847-848 (finding that petitioner's failure to present his federal habeas claims to the state's highest court in a timely fashion constituted procedural default of those claims); Williams, 460 F.3d at 806 ("If, at the time of the federal habeas petition, state law no longer allows the petitioner to raise the claim, the claim is procedurally defaulted."); Baston, 282 F.Supp.2d at 661 ("Issues not presented at each and every level cannot be considered in a federal habeas corpus petition").
To overcome a procedural bar, a petitioner must show cause for the default and actual prejudice that resulted from the alleged violation of federal law or that there will be a fundamental miscarriage of justice. Coleman, 501 U.S. at 750. "[T]he existence of cause for a procedural default must ordinarily turn on whether the prisoner can show that some objective factor external to the defense impeded counsel's efforts to comply with the State's procedural rule." Id. "A fundamental miscarriage of justice results from the conviction of one who is 'actually innocent.'" Lundgren v. Mitchell, 440 F.3d 754, 764 (6th Cir. 2006) (citing Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 496 (1986).
The only apparent justification offered by Johnson for failing to raise Ground Three in state court is: "Trial Counsel was the same as appellate counsel. Petitioner asserts this is a conflict of interest and ineffective assistance." See Doc. 1, p. 9 (Johnson's response in his Petition to the question "If you did not exhaust your state remedies on Ground Three, explain why?). To the extent that the foregoing statement is an attempt by Johnson to argue that his procedural default should be excused because of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, his argument is futile because he failed to present a claim of alleged ineffective assistance of appellate counsel to the state court. Therefore, he may not rely on an alleged claim of ineffective assistance of counsel as "cause" to excuse his procedural default of Ground Three. Edwards v. Carpenter, 529 U.S. 446, 451-454 (2000) (a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel asserted as cause to excuse the procedural default of another claim can be procedurally defaulted); see also Dixon v. Hudson, 2008 WL 540905, * 5 (N.D. Ohio Feb. 25, 2008) ("[A] claim of ineffective assistance must be presented to the state courts as an independent claim before it may be used to establish cause for a procedural default.") (citing Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 489 (1986)).
Indeed, rather than challenging his appellate counsel's conduct in his direct appeal to the Supreme Court of Ohio or through an Ohio App. R. 26(B) application, Johnson continued to allow that same counsel to represent him in his appeal to the Eighth District Court of Appeals and in his appeal to the Supreme Court of Ohio. --------
Since Johnson has not established sufficient cause, it is not necessary to address the prejudice prong. See Smith v. Murray, 477 U.S. 527, 533 (1986). Additionally, Johnson has failed to demonstrate actual innocence so as to show that there would be a fundamental miscarriage of justice if his defaulted claims were not considered. Lundgren v. Mitchell, 440 F.3d 754, 764 (6th Cir. 2006) ("A fundamental miscarriage of justice results from the conviction of one who is 'actually innocent.'") (citing Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 496 (1986)); see also Taylor v. Kelly, 2014 WL 4436595, * 8 (N.D. Ohio Sept. 9, 2014) ("Actual innocence means factual innocence, not merely legal insufficiency.") (internal citations omitted).
For the foregoing reasons, the undersigned recommends that the Court dismiss Ground Three as procedurally defaulted.
IV. Recommendation
For the reasons stated herein, the undersigned recommends that the Court DISMISS Johnson's Petition (Doc. 1). Dated: May 20, 2015
/s/_________
Kathleen B. Burke
United States Magistrate Judge
OBJECTIONS
Any objections to this Report and Recommendation must be filed with the Clerk of Courts within fourteen (14) days after the party objecting has been served with a copy of this Report and Recommendation. Failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court's order. See United States v. Walters, 638 F.2d 947 (6th Cir. 1981). See also Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140 (1985), reh'g denied, 474 U.S. 1111 (1986).