Opinion
A03A0044.
Decided May 2, 2003
Armed robbery, etc. Muscogee Superior Court. Before Judge Allen.
Mark A. Casto, for appellant.
J. Gray Conger, District Attorney, Julia A. Slater, Assistant District Attorney, for appellee.
Gary Johnson was convicted of three counts of armed robbery, three counts of possession of a firearm during a crime, one count of burglary, one count of theft by receiving, and one count of financial transaction card fraud. On appeal, Johnson challenges the sufficiency of the evidence and the conduct of the prosecutor in introducing character evidence. He claims the trial court erred in admitting into evidence certain of his custodial statements to police, a witness's pre-trial photographic identification, and a gun. Johnson also contends that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. We affirm.
On appeal from a criminal conviction, the defendant no longer enjoys the presumption of innocence, and we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury's verdict. So viewed, the evidence shows that on December 5, 2000, Scotty Flakes was driving his car to a friend's apartment. When he pulled up in the drive next to a dumpster he saw two teenaged boys. One of the young men, who was wearing a bandanna over the lower part of his face, approached Flakes, produced a gun, and told him, "Give me your keys." Flakes handed his keys to the young man, and the young man, who appeared to be an inexperienced driver, left in Flakes's car. Flakes identified Johnson as the person who took his car in court and in a photographic lineup.
Grant v. State, 195 Ga. App. 463, 464(1) ( 393 S.E.2d 737) (1990).
On January 15, 2001, someone broke into the Mr. Cash Title Pawn on South Lumpkin Road and took several guns. A detective found a handgun taken from the pawnshop in Johnson's bedroom. Joel Jamar Martin testified that he, along with Johnson and two other young men, burglarized the pawnshop.
On February 6, 2001, Matthew Sage was putting gas in his car at a filling station when a young man appeared, wearing a bandanna from the nose down. The young man put a gun in Sage's face and told him, "give me your wallet." Sage gave him his wallet, and the young man ran off. Sage identified Johnson as the gunman, both in court and from a photographic lineup.
On February 8, 2001, Mary Ann Woyke was walking to the front of a Winn- Dixie store from the parking lot when she was approached by two males wearing bandannas. One of them had a gun with his finger on the trigger, as if he was ready to shoot her, and he said, "Let me have your purse." Woyke relinquished her purse. She identified Johnson as the gunman in a photographic lineup and in court.
Detective Randy Long testified that the contents of Woyke's purse included a credit card and a cell phone, which were used to order tennis shoes from the Eastbay company. Testimony also showed that the cell phone was used to call several of Johnson's friends. Christopher Myles, who had participated in committing other crimes with Johnson, testified that Johnson said he had robbed a lady at the Winn-Dixie and that he had stolen her credit card and cell phone.
1. Johnson claims the verdict is contrary to the evidence. We have reviewed the record and find that the evidence is sufficient for a rational trier of fact to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that Johnson was guilty of the crimes of which he was convicted.
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 ( 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.E.2d 560) (1979).
Johnson suggests that identification was impossible because the perpetrator wore a mask. But the fact that the perpetrator wore a mask does not render a witness's identification unreliable. Moreover,
See Jackson v. State, 243 Ga. App. 289, 293(3)(h) ( 531 S.E.2d 747) (2000) ("Although the assailants wore masks during the robbery, we do not find that a full-faced lineup makes the victim's identification of [defendant] unreliable").
identity is a question for the trior of fact, and where a witness identifies a defendant (whether the identification be based on the defendant's eyes, clothes, hairline or some intangible factor not capable of description), the credibility of the witness making such identification is not to be decided by this court.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Wimberly v. State, 233 Ga. 386, 387(3) ( 211 S.E.2d 281) (1974).
The jury decided this issue adversely to Johnson, and we will not disturb its verdict.
2. Johnson contends the state committed prosecutorial misconduct by improperly introducing character evidence. The prosecutor asked Officer Long, "Did [Johnson] tell you about activities in Miami?" Officer Long testified that Johnson told him that he had been involved in gang activity in Miami. Defense counsel objected that the questioning went beyond the trial court's instructions regarding the admission of Johnson's statements to police. After the objection, the trial court told the jury to disregard "anything he says about allegedly being in any gang in Miami."
"[T]he decision to give curative instructions to the jury rather than grant the mistrial request following the introduction of bad character evidence is within the discretion of the trial court and is not error. Even if the prosecutor should not have asked the question about Johnson's Miami activities, Johnson received an appropriate remedy and defense counsel acknowledged the instructions to the jury and made no further objections or motion for mistrial. No reversal is warranted. Johnson's other claims of prosecutorial misconduct in connection with the introduction of other character evidence are waived for failure to object.
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Williams v. State, 247 Ga. App. 88, 90(2) ( 543 S.E.2d 402) (2000).
See Miller v. State, 267 Ga. 92(2) ( 475 S.E.2d 610) (1996).
3. Johnson contends the trial court erred in admitting his custodial statements to Officers Long and Mills because the police did not adhere to the juvenile code's requirements for his detention and that, as a juvenile, the voluntary nature of his statements is subject to greater scrutiny. We disagree.
Crawford v. State, 240 Ga. 321, 323(1) ( 240 S.E.2d 824) (1977).
Police failure to comply with the juvenile code's detention requirements does not automatically exclude a custodial statement by the juvenile. "The issue is whether there was a knowing and intelligent waiver by [the defendant] of his constitutional rights in making the incriminating statement, assessed under the totality of the circumstances."
Attaway v. State, 244 Ga. App. 5, 6 ( 534 S.E.2d 580) (2000).
Gilliam v. State, 268 Ga. 690, 692(3) ( 492 S.E.2d 185) (1997).
The factors that a court must consider include:
The age of the accused; the education of the accused; the knowledge of the accused as to the substance of the charge and nature of his rights to consult with an attorney; whether the accused was held incommunicado or allowed to consult with relatives or an attorney; whether the accused was interrogated before or after formal charges had been filed; methods used in interrogation; length of interrogation; whether accused refused to voluntarily give statements on prior occasions; and whether accused repudiated an extrajudicial statement at a later date.
(Citation omitted.) McKoon v. State, 266 Ga. 149, 150(2) ( 465 S.E.2d 272) (1996).
The record shows several factors which support the trial court's conclusion that Johnson's statements to police were voluntary. The police informed Johnson of his Miranda rights using a form designed to be easier for minors to understand. Johnson was 16 when he was questioned. He was either in the tenth grade, or had completed the tenth grade, according to the "Advice of rights to Juvenile" which he signed. Thus, Johnson was of sufficient age and education level to understand his waiver of rights. The length of his questioning while in custody appears to have been reasonably short, and Officer Long testified that Johnson was not threatened or coerced. Johnson was not denied access to an attorney.
See Attaway, supra at 7 (15-year-old sufficiently mature to understand Miranda rights).
See Byrd v. State, 274 Ga. 58, 60(2) ( 548 S.E.2d 2) (2001) (testimony showed that minor defendant was not threatened or coerced by police during questioning).
On the other hand, Johnson testified that he did not talk to the police voluntarily and he was not questioned in the presence of a parent or guardian. But credibility determinations made by a trial court after a suppression hearing must be accepted by the appellate court unless clearly erroneous. Under the totality of the circumstances, we conclude that the trial court's decision to admit Johnson's custodial statements to Officer Long and Officer Mills was not clearly erroneous.
Johnson v. State, 233 Ga. 58 ( 209 S.E.2d 629) (1974).
4. Johnson contends that the search of his person by Officer Trumble was illegal, and that the trial court erred in admitting the handgun discovered as a result of the search. However, Johnson first moved to suppress the gun found on his person by oral motion at trial. Motions to suppress evidence allegedly seized in an unlawful search must be filed before arraignment. They must also be in writing. The trial court correctly ruled that Johnson had waived his right to challenge the search of Johnson's person and to suppress the gun.
See Copeland v. State, 272 Ga. 816, 817(2) ( 537 S.E.2d 78) (2000).
Id., citing OCGA § 17-5-30(b).
5. Johnson claims the trial court erred in admitting Flakes's pre-trial photographic identification of him. But Johnson did not object when the police officer who conducted the lineup testified that Flakes identified Johnson as the gunman, when the photographic lineup was entered into evidence, or when Flakes testified that he identified Johnson in the lineup. Having failed to object at trial, the issue is waived on appeal.
Hines v. State, 246 Ga. App. 835, 837(2) ( 541 S.E.2d 410) (2000).
6. Johnson claims he was denied effective assistance of counsel.
In order to establish ineffectiveness of trial counsel under Strickland v. Washington, [Johnson] must show both that counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.
(Footnotes omitted.) Jackson, supra at 291(3).
Johnson complains that his trial counsel: (i) failed to file a motion to suppress identity evidence provided by the photographic lineup shown to Flakes, where Flakes knew three of the subjects in the line-up; (ii) failed to file a motion to suppress the handgun found on his person; and (iii) failed to object to the introduction of evidence of his bad character. We find no showing of an objectively unreasonable performance by trial counsel because "failure to make a meritless objection cannot be evidence of ineffective assistance."
(Footnote omitted.) Scott v. State, 254 Ga. App. 728, 731(4)(a) ( 563 S.E.2d 554) (2002).
(a) Flakes was shown pictures of six young men in the photographic line-up. He testified that he "recognized three of the boys on the pictures." Flakes identified one of the three as the person who robbed him. He also identified Johnson in the courtroom.
Convictions based on eyewitness identification at trial following a pretrial identification by photograph will be set aside on that ground only if the photographic identification procedure was so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification.
(Footnote omitted.) Jackson v. State, supra at 293(3)(h).
This record does not show a procedure designed to lead to the inevitable identification of Johnson as the perpetrator. We cannot say it was an objectively unreasonable performance for defense counsel to fail to object to the photographic line-up.
See Williams v. State, 275 Ga. 622, 623(2) ( 571 S.E.2d 385) (2002).
(b) Police responded to a report that there were two teenagers with a handgun at an intersection in the Oakland Park Subdivision. When police arrived at the intersection they saw two young men. After "coaxing" them to put their hands on their head, Officer Trumble located a hard metal object that felt like a gun during what she described as a "pat-down" for the officer's safety. The record indicates that the weapon was discovered in a permissible frisk after Johnson was stopped for reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. We conclude that it was not an objectively unreasonable performance for defense counsel to fail to make a motion to suppress the gun.
See Corley v. State, 236 Ga. App. 302, 304(1)(a) ( 512 S.E.2d 41) (1999).
See, e.g., West v. State, 194 Ga. App. 620, 621 ( 391 S.E.2d 673) (1990) (police can perform a Terry-type stop based on detailed information provided by an unknown informant and confirmed in part by police observation.)
(c) The prosecutor's questioning of Officer Mills showed that Johnson told police that his gang wore bandannas when "they went to do dirt in a cowboy style fashion." In opening argument, the prosecutor stated, "Johnson is the leader of the gang." Defense counsel did not object.
Johnson also complains of testimony by Officers Lockhart and Trumble concerning his statements describing gang activity. This contention is unsupported by reference to Lockhart's and Trumble's testimony, and our review of the record reveals no such statements.
The state may not present evidence of the defendant's general bad character unless the defendant has put his character in issue. But evidence which incidentally puts the defendant's character into issue may be admitted if the evidence is introduced for a proper purpose. Mills's testimony was relevant to the issue of identity because the gunman who accosted Flakes, Sage, and Woykes wore a bandanna, as did the members of Johnson's gang when they were engaged illegal activity. Gang membership is also admissible to show motive. It follows that defense counsel did not demonstrate an objectively unreasonable performance by failing to object to the testimony of Officer Mills.
OCGA § 24-9-20(b).
Downing v. State, 255 Ga. App. 225, 227 ( 564 S.E.2d 828) (2002).
Id.
Johnson cannot show improper conduct in the prosecutor's opening statements. A prosecutor's opening statements should be limited to what the prosecutor expects to prove at trial. If a prosecutor claims in opening statements that a defendant is involved in gang activity and that claim was not made in good faith, then the defendant has grounds for a mistrial. In the case at bar, however, Mills's later testimony showed that Johnson admitted to being part of a criminal gang. It follows that defense counsel did not demonstrate an objectively unreasonable performance by failing to object to the opening statement by the prosecutor.
Alexander v. State, 270 Ga. 346, 349(2) ( 509 S.E.2d 56) (1998).
Hartry v. State, 270 Ga. 596, 598-599(2) ( 512 S.E.2d 251) (1999).
Judgment affirmed. Johnson, P.J., and Eldridge, J., concur.