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holding debt collector vicariously liable for actions taken on its behalf by another debt collector
Summary of this case from Rivas v. Midland Funding, LLCOpinion
No. 15–1859.
04-07-2016
Mary T. JANETOS, et al., Plaintiffs–Appellants, v. FULTON FRIEDMAN & GULLACE, LLP and Asset Acceptance, LLC, Defendants–Appellees.
Daniel A. Edelman, Attorney, Edelman Combs Latturner & Goodwin, LLC, Chicago, IL, for Plaintiffs–Appellants. Garrett L. Boehm, Jr., Attorney, Johnson & Bell, Ltd., Chicago, IL, Bradley M. Sayad, The Sayad Law Group, Ltd., Plainfield, IL, Robert Matthew Horwitz, Attorney, Dykema Gossett PLLC, Detroit, MI, Amy R. Jonker, Attorney, Dykema Gossett PLLC, Grand Rapids, MI, Theodore W. Seitz, Attorney, Dykema Gossett PLLC, Lansing, MI, Jill M. Wheaton, Attorney, Dykema Gossett PLLC, Ann Arbor, MI, for Defendants–Appellees.
Daniel A. Edelman, Attorney, Edelman Combs Latturner & Goodwin, LLC, Chicago, IL, for Plaintiffs–Appellants.
Garrett L. Boehm, Jr., Attorney, Johnson & Bell, Ltd., Chicago, IL, Bradley M. Sayad, The Sayad Law Group, Ltd., Plainfield, IL, Robert Matthew Horwitz, Attorney, Dykema Gossett PLLC, Detroit, MI, Amy R. Jonker, Attorney, Dykema Gossett PLLC, Grand Rapids, MI, Theodore W. Seitz, Attorney, Dykema Gossett PLLC, Lansing, MI, Jill M. Wheaton, Attorney, Dykema Gossett PLLC, Ann Arbor, MI, for Defendants–Appellees.
Before BAUER and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges, and PETERSON, District Judge.
The Honorable James D. Peterson, United States District Judge for the Western District of Wisconsin, sitting by designation.
Opinion
HAMILTON, Circuit Judge.
Section 1692g(a)(2) of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1692 et seq., requires a debt collector to disclose to a consumer “the name of the creditor to whom the debt is owed,” either in its initial communication with the consumer or in a written notice sent within the next five days. When defendant Fulton Friedman & Gullace, LLP set out to collect debts from the plaintiffs on behalf of creditor Asset Acceptance, LLC, it sent them letters that identified Asset Acceptance as the “assignee” of the original creditors but said that the plaintiffs' accounts had been “transferred” from Asset Acceptance to Fulton. Nowhere in the letters did Fulton explicitly identify Asset Acceptance as the current creditor.
Plaintiffs brought suit alleging that Fulton had violated §§ 1692e, 1692e(10), and 1692g(a)(2) of the Act by failing to disclose the current creditor's name and that Asset Acceptance was vicariously liable for Fulton's violations. The district court granted defendants' motion for summary judgment. The court held that the letters were ambiguous as to the identity of the current creditor but that plaintiffs needed to present extrinsic evidence of confusion, like a consumer survey, to survive summary judgment. The court also held that even if plaintiffs had presented such evidence, their claims would still fail because the ambiguity about the identity of the current creditor was immaterial, meaning it would neither contribute to nor undermine the Act's objective of providing “information that helps consumers to choose intelligently.” See Hahn v. Triumph Partnerships LLC, 557 F.3d 755, 757–58 (7th Cir.2009).
We reverse. The district court correctly found that the letters were unclear, but it erred in finding that additional evidence of confusion was necessary to establish a § 1692g(a)(2) violation. Section 1692g(a) requires debt collectors to disclose specific information, including the name of the current creditor, in certain written notices they send to consumers. If a letter fails to disclose the required information clearly, it violates the Act, without further proof of confusion. Section 1692g(a) also does not have an additional materiality requirement, express or implied. Congress instructed debt collectors to disclose this information to consumers, period, so these validation notices violated § 1692g(a). Finally, because Asset Acceptance is itself a debt collector, it is liable for the violations of the Act by its agent. We remand this case to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I. Background
Factually speaking, this case is a simple one. Asset Acceptance is a debt collector that acquired, or claimed to have acquired, consumer debts purportedly owed by the various plaintiffs. Later, pursuant to § 1692g, Fulton sent its initial collection notices to the plaintiffs (or, for those plaintiffs with legal representation, to their attorneys). The letters followed essentially the same template. We quote the letter sent to plaintiff Erik King, but there are no meaningful differences among the letters. Before the salutation, each letter had a heading in roughly the following form:
Re: Asset Acceptance, LLC Assignee of
AMERISTAR
Original Creditor Acct # : XX0682
Fulton, Friedman & Gullace, LLP Acct # :
XXXXXX2109
Balance Due: $17479.24
Letters sent to attorneys rather than directly to the consumers had the consumer's name in the first line followed by the reference to Asset Acceptance as assignee in the second. The letters began: “Please be advised that your above referenced account has been transferred from Asset Acceptance, LLC to Fulton, Friedman & Gullace, LLP.” They also said that if the consumer had “already entered into a payment plan or settlement arrangement with Asset Acceptance, LLC,” Fulton was “committed to honoring the same,” and instructed consumers to direct all future contact, including any questions they had, to Fulton's offices. The letters provided no additional details about the relationship between Asset Acceptance and Fulton. Nowhere did they say who currently owned the debt.
A complete example of each type of letter is included in an appendix at the end of this opinion.
Lawsuits by plaintiffs Mary T. Janetos, Erik King, Pamela Fujioka, and Ignacio Bernave were eventually combined in one action. They alleged that the letters violated § 1692g(a)(2) of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act by failing to identify the current creditor or owner of the debt. They also alleged the letters violated § 1692e and e(10), which prohibit the use of false or misleading representations or means in connection with the collection of a consumer debt. In July 2014, the district court certified a plaintiff class consisting of consumers who received the letters personally and a subclass of consumers who had been sent the letters in care of their attorneys.
On cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court ruled in favor of defendants. Addressing first the § 1692e and e(10) claims, the court acknowledged the form letter's ambiguity on the question of the current owner of the debt, noting that the word “transferred” could mean either conveyance of title or assignment for collection and that, applying the ordinary meaning of “transfer,” the letter did not “suggest any particular form or method of conveyance.” Nevertheless, the court held that the ambiguous letter and plaintiffs' affidavits attesting to their own confusion failed to create a genuine dispute of material fact for trial under § 1692e and that plaintiffs failed to offer evidence that the omission met the materiality requirement we have found implied for most § 1692e claims. The district court then rejected the plaintiffs' § 1692g(a)(2) claim on the same grounds as the § 1692e and e(10) claims, including lack of materiality. Plaintiffs have appealed.
II. Analysis
The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act is designed to protect consumers from abusive and unfair debt collection practices. See 15 U.S.C. § 1692e ; Pettit v. Retrieval Masters Creditor Bureau, Inc., 211 F.3d 1057, 1059 (7th Cir.2000). To help accomplish that goal, § 1692g(a) provides that in either the initial communication with a consumer in connection with the collection of a debt or another written notice sent within five days of the first, a debt collector must provide specific information to the consumer. The required information includes “the name of the creditor to whom the debt is owed.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692g(a)(2). Plaintiffs argue that the letters they received failed to make that disclosure. Plaintiffs have also claimed that the failure violated the more general requirements of § 1692e and e(10), but at oral argument, plaintiffs' counsel agreed those claims add nothing here to the § 1692g(a)(2) claim, so we focus our attention on § 1692g(a)(2).
A. The Violations of § 1692g(a)(2)
When § 1692g(a) requires that a communication include certain information, compliance demands more than simply including that information in some unintelligible form. Otherwise, as we have said, “the collection agency could write the letter in Hittite and have a secure defense.” Chuway v. National Action Financial Services, Inc., 362 F.3d 944, 948 (7th Cir.2004). To satisfy § 1692g(a), the debt collector's notice must state the required information “clearly enough that the recipient is likely to understand it.” Id.; see also Bartlett v. Heibl, 128 F.3d 497, 500 (7th Cir.1997) (debt collector may not defeat the Act's purpose by “making the required disclosures in a form or within a context in which they are unlikely to be understood by the unsophisticated debtors who are the particular objects of the statute's solicitude”); Russell v. Equifax A.R.S., 74 F.3d 30, 35 (2d Cir.1996) (“We recognize there are many cunning ways to circumvent § 1692g under cover of technical compliance, but purported compliance with the form of the statute should not be given sanction at the expense of the substance of the Act.”) (internal citation omitted).
Thus, standing alone the fact that the form letter included the words “Asset Acceptance, LLC” did not establish compliance with § 1692g(a)(2). The Act required Fulton's letter to identify Asset Acceptance as the “creditor to whom the debt is owed.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692g(a)(2). The letter had to make that identification clearly enough that the recipient would likely understand it. Chuway, 362 F.3d at 948.
Nowhere did the letter say that Asset Acceptance currently owned the debts in question. Asset Acceptance was identified as the “assignee” of another company, not as the current creditor or owner of the debt. The letter went on to say that the referenced account “has been transferred from Asset Acceptance, LLC, to Fulton, Friedman & Gullace, LLP.” These statements simply did not say who currently owned the debts. Instead, each recipient was left to guess who owned the debt following the “transfer” of the “account.” On its face, then, the letter failed to disclose the information that § 1692g(a)(2) required. The district judge correctly recognized this ambiguity, noting that the word “transfer” could mean either conveyance of title or assignment for collection, and that the letter did not “suggest any particular form or method of conveyance.” Janetos v. Fulton Friedman & Gullace, LLP, No. 12 C 1473, 2015 WL 1744118, at *4 (N.D.Ill. Apr. 13, 2015).
Defendants argue that the letter nevertheless complied with § 1692g(a)(2) because, when read in its entirety, it implicitly disclosed the legal relationship between Asset Acceptance and Fulton, which in turn made clear that Asset Acceptance continued as the owner of the debt. We disagree. We address each portion of the context that defendants argue satisfied their § 1692g(a)(2) obligation. First, defendants argue that the letter made clear that Fulton is a law firm and a debt collector. True enough, but neither point leads to a “basic logical deduction” that Fulton must have been collecting the referenced debts on Asset Acceptance's behalf or that Asset Acceptance remained the current owner of the debts. See Pettit, 211 F.3d at 1060 (unsophisticated consumer is “capable of making basic logical deductions and inferences”).
Defendants also argue that a reasonable consumer would know her account history and so would recognize Asset Acceptance as the debt owner who had sought to collect, obtained a judgment, and transferred the account to Fulton for post-judgment collection. There are two problems with this position. First, debt collectors frequently obtain default judgments against consumers. See Suesz v. Med–1 Solutions, LLC, 757 F.3d 636, 638–39 (7th Cir.2014) (en banc). While most consumers will likely be aware of the legal proceedings against them, some may not, often through no fault of their own. For example, plaintiff King testified here that the summons and complaint never reached him, so he was unaware of Asset Acceptance's lawsuit against him until he received the letter from Fulton more than three years later.
Second and more fundamental, even where a consumer would recognize Asset Acceptance as having owned the debt at some time in the past (perhaps from pre-lawsuit collection efforts or the lawsuit itself), the form letter said that the “account” had since been “transferred” from Asset Acceptance to Fulton. Defendants do not explain how, in light of this language, an understanding of Asset Acceptance's former role would have shown its current role.
Finally, defendants point to the language in which Fulton committed to honoring any payment plans or settlement arrangements the consumer may have made with Asset Acceptance. Again, defendants fail to explain how this language showed that Asset Acceptance was the current owner of the debts or that Fulton was nothing more than a “post-lawsuit collector.” Accordingly, the letters did not disclose the name of the current creditor, and so violated § 1692g(a)(2).
For purposes of the present appeal, it does not matter whether Fulton sent the letters directly to the consumers or to their attorneys:
It would be passing odd if the fact that a consumer was represented excused the debt collector from having to convey to the consumer the information to which the statute entitles him. For example, sections 1692g(a)(1) and (2) provide that the required notice must state the amount of the debt and the name of the creditor. Is it to be believed that by retaining a lawyer the debtor disentitles himself to the information?
Evory v. RJM Acquisitions Funding L.L.C., 505 F.3d 769, 773 (7th Cir.2007). We held in Evory that “any written notice sent to the lawyer must contain the information that would be required by the Act if the notice were sent to the consumer directly.” Id.
B. Ambiguity as a Defense?
Defendants also argue that the letters were at worst merely ambiguous. This means, they argue, that plaintiffs were required to come forward with extrinsic evidence of actual confusion to survive summary judgment on their § 1692g(a)(2) claims. We disagree.
It is true that for claims under § 1692e, or at least those based on its general prohibitions against false, deceptive, or misleading statements and practices, we have sorted cases into three categories. Ruth v. Triumph Partnerships, 577 F.3d 790, 800 (7th Cir.2009). The first category includes cases in which the challenged language is “plainly and clearly not misleading.” No extrinsic evidence is needed to show that the debt collector ought to prevail in such cases. Lox v. CDA, Ltd., 689 F.3d 818, 822 (7th Cir.2012). The second Lox category “includes debt collection language that is not misleading or confusing on its face, but has the potential to be misleading to the unsophisticated consumer.” Id. In such cases, “plaintiffs may prevail only by producing extrinsic evidence, such as consumer surveys, to prove that unsophisticated consumers do in fact find the challenged statements misleading or deceptive.” Id., quoting Ruth, 577 F.3d at 800. The third category is cases in which the challenged language is “plainly deceptive or misleading,” such that no extrinsic evidence is required for the plaintiff to prevail. Id.
Defendants argue that if the letters here are not “category one,” they are at worst “category two”—that is, susceptible to more than one interpretation—so that plaintiffs had to present extrinsic evidence of consumer confusion to survive summary judgment. Such evidence is not necessary here, where § 1692g(a)(2) requires a particular disclosure—the name of the current creditor—and defendants' letters simply fail to provide it, directly or indirectly. The recipients of these letters would therefore find themselves obliged to guess who currently owned the debts in question. Since the name was on the letters, some might correctly guess that Asset Acceptance was the current creditor, but a lucky guess would have nothing to do with any disclosure the letters provided. Compliance with the clear requirements of § 1692g(a)(2) demands more.
Chuway v. National Action Financial Services, Inc., 362 F.3d 944 (7th Cir.2004), is a helpful guide to this case. It involved § 1692g(a)(1), which requires the debt collector's notice to state “the amount of the debt.” In Chuway, the defendant sent the plaintiff a dunning letter that stated the “balance” of the debt but added: “To obtain your most current balance information, please call” the number provided. Id. at 947. The plaintiff alleged a violation of § 1692g(a)(1). See id. at 946–47. The district court had granted summary judgment to the defendant, finding that while the letter was “problematic” and had the “potential to confuse an unsophisticated consumer,” there was no outright contradiction in terms. Id. at 949.
We reversed. We concluded that although the “balance” was disclosed in the dunning letter, the reference to obtaining the “most current balance information” implied that the consumer might actually have owed some unspecified larger amount. Id. at 947–48. For present purposes, the critical point is that we also held in Chuway that under those circumstances, the plaintiff did not need to present extrinsic evidence of confusion. Her affidavit attesting to her own confusion, coupled with the fact that it was “apparent just from reading the letter that it is unclear,” was sufficient to create a triable issue. Id. at 948.
The violation here was even clearer than the one in Chuway. Here, the letters Fulton sent did not actually identify Asset Acceptance as the current creditor at all, and in fact leave the impression that Asset Acceptance may well have transferred ownership of the debts to Fulton. Plaintiffs Janetos, King, and Fujioka, as in Chuway, also provided evidence in the form of affidavits that after reading the letters, they were unable to determine who currently owned the debts. No further evidence of consumer confusion is necessary under these circumstances. C. No Materiality Requirement
Plaintiff Bernave did not so testify. According to plaintiffs' reply brief, English is not his native language and he could not read the letter at all.
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The district court held in the alternative that defendants were entitled to summary judgment because any violation of § 1692g(a)(2) was not “material.” But for good reason, we have not extended the implicit materiality requirement of § 1692e to reach claims under § 1692g(a). As noted above, § 1692e is “designed to provide information that helps consumers to choose intelligently, and by definition immaterial information neither contributes to that objective (if the statement is correct) nor undermines it (if the statement is incorrect).” Hahn v. Triumph Partnerships LLC, 557 F.3d 755, 757–58 (7th Cir.2009). Portions of § 1692e are drafted in broad terms, prohibiting the use of “any false, deceptive, or misleading representation or means in connection with the collection of any debt.” For such claims, we must assess allegedly false or misleading statements to determine whether they could have any practical impact on a consumer's rights or decision-making process—that is, whether they represent the kind of conduct the Act was intended to eliminate.
For § 1692g(a)(2), however, that decision has been made for us. In enacting § 1692g(a)(2), Congress determined that a debt collector must include in its § 1692g(a) notice “the name of the creditor to whom the debt is owed.” With that specific disclosure requirement, Congress decided that the failure to make the disclosure is a failure the Act is meant to penalize. The undisputed facts show such a failure here. Since § 1692g(a)(2) clearly requires the disclosure, we decline to offer debt collectors a free pass to violate that provision on the theory that the disclosure Congress required is not important enough. There is also no need for individual inquiry about the materiality to any given recipient. Cf. Warren v. Sessoms & Rogers, P.A., 676 F.3d 365, 374 (4th Cir.2012) (declining to establish a materiality requirement for violations of § 1692e(11), which requires debt collectors to disclose their status as debt collectors, because the “statute expressly prohibits this exact omission ”) (emphasis in original), abrogated on other grounds, Campbell–Ewald Co. v. Gomez, ––– U.S. ––––, 136 S.Ct. 663, 193 L.Ed.2d 571 (2016).
In rejecting any requirement of materiality for a violation of § 1692g(a)(2), we do not mean to suggest the required information is not important. Knowing the current creditor “potentially affects the debtor in the most basic ways, such as what the debtor should write after ‘pay to the order of’ on the payment check to ensure that the debt is satisfied.” Eun Joo Lee v. Forster & Garbus LLP, 926 F.Supp.2d 482, 488 (E.D.N.Y.2013). Defendants argue, and the district judge concluded, that in this particular case knowing the current creditor would not have affected consumers' rights: Fulton was Asset Acceptance's legitimate collection agent, so a payment to Fulton would have extinguished the debt regardless of whether the consumer knew Asset Acceptance actually owned the debt. But that point overlooks another serious problem with the failure to disclose the current creditor: the potential for fraud.
Suppose the sender of these letters had been not Fulton but a party who had no legal right to collect the debts on Asset Acceptance's behalf—perhaps someone who gathered debt information from public court records. The letters did not identify who currently owned the debts, so a consumer wishing to verify that a payment would extinguish her obligation could not contact the current creditor to confirm that paying the letter-writer would be the proper course of action. In fact, the Fulton letters actually instructed consumers to direct all further contact not to Asset Acceptance but to Fulton itself. Unless the unsophisticated consumer makes the effort to demand verification under § 1692g, an unscrupulous sender could confirm that the consumer should send it a payment to extinguish the debt. That consumer would find that she had lost that money while her actual debt remained unpaid. So while defendants are correct that Fulton was in fact authorized to collect debts on Asset Acceptance's behalf, not all consumer debtors will be so lucky.
To sum up our view of the merits, if the validation notice required under § 1692g(a)(2) does not identify the current creditor clearly and accurately, the law has been violated. A plaintiff need not offer additional evidence of confusion or materiality to prove the violation. The undisputed facts here show that Fulton's letters to plaintiffs violated § 1692g(a)(2). Plaintiffs are entitled to summary judgment as to liability under that provision.
D. Debt Collector's Liability for Agent's Violations
Asset Acceptance argues that even if Fulton is not entitled to summary judgment, Asset Acceptance cannot be held vicariously liable for the letters that Fulton drafted and sent. Again, we disagree. At least two other circuits have held debt collectors liable for violations of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act committed by others acting on their behalf. E.g., Pollice v. National Tax Funding, L.P., 225 F.3d 379, 404–06 (3d Cir.2000) ; Fox v. Citicorp Credit Services, Inc., 15 F.3d 1507, 1516 (9th Cir.1994). The key question, according to the Third Circuit in Pollice, is whether the defendant whom the plaintiff seeks to hold vicariously liable is itself a debt collector: “We believe this is a fair result because an entity that is itself a ‘debt collector’—and hence subject to the FDCPA—should bear the burden of monitoring the activities of those it enlists to collect debts on its behalf.” Id. at 405 ; cf. Wadlington v. Credit Acceptance Corp., 76 F.3d 103, 108 (6th Cir.1996) (“We do not think it would accord with the intent of Congress, as manifested in the terms of the Act, for a company that is not a debt collector to be held vicariously liable for a collection suit filing that violates the Act only because the filing attorney is a ‘debt collector.’ ”) (emphasis in original).
We agree with the Third Circuit's approach in Pollice. A debt collector should not be able to avoid liability for unlawful debt collection practices simply by contracting with another company to do what the law does not allow it to do itself. Like the Third Circuit, we think it is fair and consistent with the Act to require a debt collector who is independently obliged to comply with the Act to monitor the actions of those it enlists to collect debts on its behalf. On the other hand, a company that is not a debt collector would not ordinarily be subject to liability under the Act at all. See 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6) (defining “debt collector”); Pettit v. Retrieval Masters Creditor Bureau, Inc., 211 F.3d 1057, 1059 (7th Cir.2000) (provisions of the Act “generally apply only to debt collectors”). As the Sixth Circuit explained in Wadlington, it makes less sense to impose vicarious liability on such a company for its attorney's violations simply because the attorney happens to be a debt collector. 76 F.3d at 108 ; accord, Pollice, 225 F.3d at 404–05. Asset Acceptance is itself a debt collector, so under the logic of Pollice and Fox, it may be held liable for Fulton's violations of the Act in the course of activities undertaken on its behalf.
Asset Acceptance argues that Fox is no longer good law in the Ninth Circuit in light of Clark v. Capital Credit & Collection Services, Inc., 460 F.3d 1162 (9th Cir.2006). But Clark did not overrule Fox; it addressed instead whether an attorney could be held vicariously liable for the acts of his client. Clark, 460 F.3d at 1173. That's the converse of the question before us, so Clark did not undermine the reasoning of Fox and Pollice and is not applicable here. Asset Acceptance also relies on two district court decisions holding that actual control over the specific challenged conduct was required. See Tilmon v. LVNV Funding, LLC, 2014 WL 335234 (S.D.Ill. Jan. 30, 2014) (with pro se plaintiff); Clark v. Main Street Acquisition Corp., 2013 WL 2295879 (S.D.Ohio May 24, 2013), aff'd on other grounds, 553 Fed.Appx. 510 (6th Cir.2014). We do not find those cases persuasive as applied to principals that are themselves debt collectors. Additionally, neither Fox nor Pollice based vicarious liability on a showing of actual control over the specific activity alleged to violate the Act. See Pollice, 225 F.3d at 404–05 ; Fox, 15 F.3d at 1516 (rejecting argument that debt collector could not be vicariously liable “for a venue decision made solely by” its attorney) (emphasis added).
* * *
For these reasons, the district court erred in holding that plaintiffs had failed to meet their burden of proof on the § 1692g(a)(2) claim. As a matter of law, the letters violated § 1692g(a)(2) by failing to make the mandated disclosure. No additional showing of materiality was required. Asset Acceptance, as a debt collector, cannot escape liability for Fulton's actions on its behalf. The judgment of the district court is therefore REVERSED. Plaintiffs are entitled to a finding of liability for violations of § 1692g(a)(2). The case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
APPENDIX