Summary
finding that the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment to the defendant property owner and its landscaper, who had allegedly allowed roadside vegetation to grow so that it obstructed motorists' views, because the plain, palpable, and undisputed evidence showed that the active negligence of another defendant, the driver whose truck collided with the plaintiff's car, constituted the sole proximate cause of the collision
Summary of this case from Kecskes v. City of Mount ZionOpinion
A00A0450; A00A0451.
DECIDED: FEBRUARY 8, 2000.
Action for damages. DeKalb State Court. Before Judge Majette.
Steven L. Beard, for appellant.
Swift, Currie, McGhee Hiers, Henry L. Pruett, Johnson, Kayne Penna, Christopher E. Penna, Derek A. Mendicino, for appellees (case no. A00A0450).
Bernard Knight, Elizabeth T. Marinelli, Daniel S. Digby, for appellee (case no. A00A0451).
On November 17, 1995, Teresa G. Howard, plaintiff-appellant, received serious personal injuries when she attempted to turn left from Talton Drive into the southbound lane of Montreal Circle, where she was struck by Matthew Upchurch, driving a truck for Courier Express/Atlanta, Inc., and traveling north on Montreal Circle. In addition to Upchurch and Courier Express, Howard sued the owner of the property on Montreal Circle just south of Talton Drive, Gourmet Concepts International, Inc.; its landscaping service, Elias Garden Care, Inc. d/b/a Atlanta Scapes; and DeKalb County for maintaining a public nuisance. Howard contended that the trees, bushes, and grass on this property obstructed the view of the northbound lane of travel on Montreal Circle, so that neither driver could see the other around the curve in the road. Some of the obstruction existed on the right-of-way of DeKalb County. Although Howard could not see down the northbound lane because of the greenery, she pulled across this lane and into the southbound lane of Montreal Circle, where she was struck. The trial court granted summary judgment to Gourmet Concepts, Atlanta Scapes, and DeKalb County. The issues presented were: (a) did a nuisance exist; (b) did notice of a nuisance occur; (c) was the nuisance the proximate cause of plaintiff's injuries; and (d) could DeKalb County be liable in nuisance to her for personal injuries. Jury issues existed as to (a) and (b), and we answer (c) and (d) in the negative. Therefore, we affirm the trial court's grant of summery judgment.
Case No. A00A0450
1. Howard's first enumeration of error is that "[t]he trial court erred by granting summary judgment to [Gourmet Concepts and Atlanta Scapes] by finding [Howard] did not meet her burden of proof to show the allegedly offending greenery on Gourmet Concept's property was unauthorized."
(a) OCGA § 32-6-51, prohibiting the maintenance of vision-obstruction objects on or adjacent to a road right-of-way, applies to planted trees, shrubbery, and vegetation as well as to signs, structures, or constructed objects. The maintenance of such obstruction is negligence when it creates a traffic hazard and is unauthorized. However, if the statutory elements have not been met, then neither nuisance nor negligence arises under such Act. See United Refrigerated Svcs. v. Emmer, 218 Ga. App. 865, 865-866 (1) ( 463 S.E.2d 535) (1995). To recover at trial, plaintiff must show that the objects on private property adjacent to the right-of-way were unauthorized. "[S]tructures on private property adjoining road rights-of-way only become unlawful under OCGA § 32-6-51 if they obstruct a clear view of roads in such a manner as to constitute a traffic hazard, and they are unauthorized." (Citation and punctuation omitted; emphasis in the original.) Id. at 865. See also Williams v. Scruggs Co., 213 Ga. App. 470, 471-472 (1) ( 445 S.E.2d 287) (1994); Smith v. Hiawassee Hardware Co., 167 Ga. App. 70, 71-72 (1) ( 305 S.E.2d 805) (1983).
Also, Howard contends that the planting or growth extended onto the public right-of-way, which is growth from private property, obstructing motorists' views in violation of DeKalb County Code § 17-6 (a), which prohibits obstructions on the public right-of-way. Thus, a jury issue exists as to whether the vegetation constituted a traffic hazard and, depending upon the location, whether the obstruction was authorized or unauthorized. See Williams v. Scruggs Co., supra at 472; Smith v. Hiawassee Hardware Co., supra at 72.
There exists a jury issue as to whether or not the vegetation had grown sufficiently, on private property, the right-of-way, or both, to create a visual obstruction constituting a traffic hazard under the facts of this case. See OCGA § 32-6-51; United Refrigerated Svcs. v. Emmer, supra at 865-866; Williams v. Scruggs, Co., supra; Smith v. Hiawassee Hardware Co., supra.
(b) Evidence that Gourmet Concepts and Atlanta Scapes lacked knowledge of any prior accidents caused by the vegetation obstruction shifted the burden of coming forward with some evidence to create a disputed issue of fact for the jury to Howard. See OCGA § 9-11-56 (e); Lau's Corp. v. Haskins, 261 Ga. 491, 495 (4) ( 405 S.E.2d 474) (1991).
Howard came forward, however, with some evidence that the obstruction existed for a considerable period of time. This required a favorable inference to Howard made by the trial court that a public nuisance existed and had existed for sufficient time that Gourmet Concepts and Atlanta Scapes either knew or should have know that it created a traffic hazard. But Howard failed to show that others had suffered injury from the obstruction so as to constitute a public nuisance that "injures those of the public who may actually come in contact with it." (Citations and punctuation omitted; emphasis in original.) Zellers v. Theater of the Stars, 171 Ga. App. 406, 408-409 (3) ( 319 S.E.2d 553) (1984). See also OCGA § 41-1-2; United Refrigerated Svcs. v. Emmer, supra at 866 (2). Thus, the trial court properly granted summary judgment on such public nuisance issue.
(c) Assuming arguendo that a statutory nuisance existed or a statutory violation under OCGA § 32-6-51 constituted negligence per se, thereby creating a traffic hazard, the defendants presented evidence that the acts and omissions of Upchurch were the sole proximate cause of the collision. The burden of coming forward with some evidence as to the concurrent causation of the collision then shifted to Howard to create an issue of fact from slight evidence that the vegetation constituted a concurrent causative factor in the collision. OCGA § 9-11-56 (e); Lau's Corp. v. Haskins, supra. While the greenery may have caused some obstruction of vision in the middle of November, there existed an absence of any competent evidence that any possible obstruction in visibility did, in fact, cause or contribute to the collision. Tuggle v. Helms, 231 Ga. App. 899, 902 (2) ( 499 S.E.2d 365) (1998); Cromer v. Hodges, 216 Ga. App. 548, 549 (1) ( 455 S.E.2d 94) (1995). The evidence presented creates a strong probability, where reasonable minds cannot differ, that a jury will find that the negligence of Upchurch was the sole proximate cause of the collision. The plain, palpable, and undisputed evidence of the alleged active negligence of Upchurch, i.e., excess speed when approaching this intersection, failure to maintain control, failure to keep a proper lookout when incomplete visibility may have existed because of the curve and vegetation, and driving over the center of the road on the wrong side of the road, constituted the sole proximate cause of the collision as compared to the alleged passive negligence of the other defendants. Cantrell v. Thurman, 231 Ga. App. 510, 515-516 (7) ( 499 S.E.2d 416) (1998); Stegall v. Central Ga. Elec. Membership Corp., 221 Ga. App. 187, 190-191 (2) ( 470 S.E.2d 782) (1996); Leonardson v. Ga. Power Co., 210 Ga. App. 574, 576-578 ( 436 S.E.2d 690) (1993). The mere occurrence of this collision and the presence of vegetation alongside the road do not create a concurrent proximate cause of the occurrence. City Counsel of Augusta v. Booker, 229 Ga. App. 566, 567 (1) ( 494 S.E.2d 374) (1997). Thus, the trial court properly granted summary judgment.
2. Division 1 controls the remaining enumerations of error.
Case No. A00A0451
3. Howard enumerates as error that the trial court granted summary judgment to DeKalb County.
A county may be liable to an owner in damages to property, either real or personal, through inverse condemnation by a nuisance, created, maintained, or worsened by such county. See DeKalb County v. Orwig, 261 Ga. 137, 138 (1) ( 402 S.E.2d 513) (1991); Fulton County v. Wheaton, 252 Ga. 49, 50 (1) ( 310 S.E.2d 910) (1984), overruled on other grounds, DeKalb County v. Orwig, supra. The measure of damages in such cases is the same as in condemnation cases. See DeKalb County v. Orwig, supra at 138.
The reason sovereign immunity is not applicable when a nuisance amounts to a taking of property of one of its citizens for public purposes is that inverse condemnation is a form of eminent domain. Ga. Const. of 1983, Art. I, Sec. III, Par. I; Miree v. United States, 242 Ga. 126, 134 (2) ( 249 S.E.2d 573) (1978); Woodside v. Fulton County, 223 Ga. 316, 319-321 (1) ( 155 S.E.2d 404) (1967).
Fielder v. Rice Constr. Co., 239 Ga. App. 362, 364 (1) ( 522 S.E.2d 13) (1999).
Personal injury, however, for purposes of inverse condemnation does not constitute personal property that can be taken. See State Bd. of Ed. v. Drury, 263 Ga. 429, 430-433 (1) ( 437 S.E.2d 290) (1993); DeKalb County v. Orwig, supra at 138; Wilmoth v. Henry County, 251 Ga. 643, 643-644 (1) ( 309 S.E.2d 126) (1983); Donaldson v. Dept. of Transp., 212 Ga. App. 240, 242 ( 441 S.E.2d 473) (1994). Sovereign immunity bars any action for personal injury or wrongful death against a county arising from nuisance or inverse condemnation. See DeKalb County v. Orwig, supra at 138; Kordares v. Gwinnett County, 220 Ga. App. 848, 850-851 ( 470 S.E.2d 479) (1996); Canfield v. Cook County, 213 Ga. App. 625, 626 ( 445 S.E.2d 375) (1994); Christian v. Monroe County, 203 Ga. App. 342, 343 (1) ( 417 S.E.2d 37) (1992). Thus, the trial court properly granted summary judgment to DeKalb County for an alleged nuisance causing personal injury.
4. The other enumerations of error are controlled by Divisions 1 and 3.
Judgment affirmed. Blackburn, P.J., and Barnes, J., concur.