Opinion
2:22-cv-3742
03-16-2023
TYRICE HILL, Plaintiff, v. ANNETTE CHAMBERS-SMITH, Defendant.
James L. Graham Judge
REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CAROLINE H. GENTRY UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
Plaintiff, a state prisoner proceeding without the assistance of counsel, has submitted documents to institute a civil rights action to this Court. (See Complaint, Doc. 1-1; Motion for Preliminary Injunction, Doc. 2; Amended Complaint, Doc. 5). The case has been referred to the undersigned United States Magistrate Judge pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b) and General Order 22-05.
Plaintiff has not paid the filing fees required to commence this action. He has instead filed an application to proceed in forma pauperis and without prepaying the fees. (Doc. 1, 4). For the reasons that follow, the Undersigned RECOMMENDS that the application be DENIED.
According to the Amended Complaint, Plaintiff is a prisoner currently confined at Ross Correctional Intuition. (Doc. 5, PageID 294). He is therefore subject to the requirements and restrictions of the Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (PLRA), 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)-(h). One restriction is the statute's so-called “three strikes” provision, which limits a prisoner's ability to proceed in forma pauperis:
In no event shall a prisoner bring a civil action or appeal a judgment in a civil action or proceeding under this section [concerning proceedings in forma pauperis] if the
prisoner has, on 3 or more prior occasions, while incarcerated or detained in any facility, brought an action or appeal in a court of the United States that was dismissed on the grounds that it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, unless the prisoner is under imminent danger of serious physical injury.28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).
In his initial application to proceed in forma pauperis, Plaintiff acknowledged that he has had three cases so dismissed, but he did not identify the cases. (Doc. 1, PageID 3). Plaintiff later provided information about five dismissed cases, all of which appear to have all been filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio. (Doc. 4, PageID 291). Indeed, Plaintiff has had at leastthree qualifying dismissals:
Some other cases that may not be “strikes” include: Hill v. Adult Parole Authority, No. 3:16-cv-493 (N.D. Ohio May 31, 2016) (voluntarily dismissed on Plaintiff's motion); Hill v. Lucas Cnty. Common Pleas Ct., No. 3:16-cv-486, 190 F.Supp.3d 732 (N.D. Ohio June 3, 2016) (dismissed for failure to prosecute); Hill v. Henderson, No. 3:17-cv-825, 2017 WL 4182308, at *5 (N.D. Ohio Sept. 21, 2017) (dismissing some of Plaintiff's claims for failure to state a claim under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e), and later dismissing the remainder for failure to exhaust). The Undersigned is also aware of another case recently filed by Plaintiff in this Court: Hill v. Chambers-Smith, No. 2:23-cv-912 (S.D. Ohio).
1. Hill v. Stone, No. 4:18-cv-808, 2018 WL 6018026 (N.D. Ohio Nov. 16, 2018) (dismissed for failure to state a claim under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)).
2. Hill v. City of Toledo, No. 3:20-cv-493, 2020 WL 6701988 (N.D. Ohio Nov. 13, 2020) (dismissed as frivolous under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)).
3. Hill v. Chambers-Smith, No. 3:22-cv-195 (N.D. Ohio May 27, 2022) (dismissed for failure to state a claim under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e) and 1915A), appeal pending, Case No. 22-3557 (Nov. 16, 2022) (denying leave to appeal in forma pauperis because appeal lacks an arguable basis).Accordingly, Plaintiff has accrued three “strikes” under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g) and may not proceed in forma pauperis unless he falls within the narrow exception for prisoners who are “under imminent danger of serious physical injury.” Id. See also Wilson v. Yaklich, 148 F.3d 596, 602 (6th Cir. 1998) (“The literal language of [the three strikes provision] forbids almost all attempts by indigent prisoners to gain access to the federal courts in civil actions if the litigant has, on three prior occasions, had a case dismissed as frivolous, malicious, or for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.”).
This dismissal counts as a strike even while the appeal is pending. Coleman v. Tollefson, 575 U.S. 532, 534 (2015) (“Where an appeals court has not yet decided whether a prior dismissal is legally proper, should courts count, or should they ignore, that dismissal when calculating how many qualifying dismissals the litigant has suffered? We conclude that the courts must count the dismissal even though it remains pending on appeal.”). If the Sixth Circuit dismisses the appeal, the dismissal may constitute an additional strike under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g) (referring to “an action or appeal in a court of the United States” that is dismissed as a strike) (emphasis added). In the appeal, the Sixth Circuit noted that:
An indigent party may obtain leave to proceed IFP if his appeal is taken in good faith. See Owens v. Keeling, 461 F.3d 763, 774-76 (6th Cir. 2006). An appeal is not taken in good faith if it is frivolous,
i.e., it “lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact.” Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989).Hill v. Chambers-Smith, No. 22-3557 (6th Cir. Nov. 16, 2022 Order), at p.2. The Court then continued on to find no arguable basis for Plaintiff's claims. Having denied the motion to proceed in forma pauperis, the Court ordered Plaintiff to pay the filing fee for the appeal. He had not paid the fee by the due date, but as of the date of this writing, the appeal has not yet been dismissed. If Appeal No. 22-3557 is dismissed for failure to prosecute, it may count as a strike because the Sixth Circuit previously found the appeal to be frivolous. See Heid v. Aderhold, No. 2:20-cv-901, 2020 WL 4673217, at *3 (S.D. Ohio Aug. 12, 2020) (citing Thompson v. Drug Enforcement Admin., 492 F.3d 428, 433 (D.C. Cir. 2007)) (“Where . . . an appeal is formally dismissed for want of prosecution, this dismissal counts as a strike if the court of appeals previously denied a motion to proceed in forma pauperis in that case on the basis that the appeal was frivolous.”).
“The imminent danger exception is essentially a pleading requirement subject to the ordinary principles of notice pleading.” Vandiver v. Vasbinder, 416 Fed.Appx. 560, 562 (6th Cir. 2011). To satisfy the requirement, a plaintiff must allege “facts from which a court, informed by its judicial experience and common sense, could draw the reasonable inference that [he] was under an existing danger at the time he filed his complaint.” Vandiver v. Prison Health Servs., Inc., 727 F.3d 580, 585 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting Taylor v. First Med. Mgmt., 508 Fed.Appx. 488, 492 (6th Cir. 2012)). Past danger or threat is insufficient; “the threat or prison condition must be real and proximate and the danger of serious physical injury must exist at the time the complaint is filed.” Vandiver, 727 F.3d at 585 (quoting Rittner v. Kinder, 290 F. App'x. 796, 797 (6th Cir. 2008)).
The Undersigned is unable to discern any facts in Plaintiff's Amended Complaint that establish he meets the “imminent danger” exception. He does not specifically identify any imminent danger of serious physical injury in his Application to proceed in forma pauperis or the amendment to it, or in his Complaint, or his Amended Complaint. (Doc. 1, 1-1, 4, 5). Rather than discussing physical injury, Plaintiff's allegations appear to center on an access-to-courts claim under the First Amendment. (Doc. 5). He recites facts going back to his arrest in 2004, and details how he has been unable to properly raise his claims, due in part to the lack of adequate legal resources like legally-trained inmates or staff in several Ohio prisons. (Doc. 5, PageID 294-310). He sues Annette Chambers-Smith, the Director of the Ohio Department of [Rehabilitation and] Corrections (ODRC), alleging she is responsible on the basis of her position and because of an unanswered letter notifying her of the problem.(Doc. 5, PageID 294, 310, 317-319).
Plaintiff's original Complaint also named Lindsay Navarre, Judge of the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas, as a defendant. (See Complaint, Doc. 1-1, PageID 13-14). The Amended Complaint omits Judge Navarre as a defendant, among other things. (See Amended Complaint, Doc. 5, PageID 293-294).
Plaintiff appears to raise this claim in the context of a decision made by the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio in Case No. 3:22-cv-195 (the third “strike” listed above). (See, e.g., Doc. 5, PageID 310-318 (citing the case by number)). His main allegation appears to be that this § 1983 case was dismissed, or that he was unable to appeal or further challenge its dismissal, because he lacked the appropriate resources in prison to properly raise his claims. (See Doc. 5, PageID 310 (setting out the “Non-Frivolous Claim that Plaintiff Could Have Raise[d] in the 1983 Complaint in Case Number 3:22-cv-195 if Plaintiff Was Not Being Denied Adequate Assistance and Proper Time in the Law Library”); Doc. 5, PageID 317-318, ¶¶ 106, 111 (alleging that his case was dismissed, and he was unable to appeal the dismissal)). He also appears to allege that he could not raise certain issues in his criminal direct appeal (several years prior) for the same reason. (Doc. 5, PageID 300-301, ¶¶ 36-41; Doc. 5, PageID 317, ¶ 106).
Plaintiff's original Complaint appeared to additionally raise this issue with respect to a habeas corpus action decided in the Northern District of Ohio: Case No. 4:20-cv-997. (See Doc. 1-1, PageID 21-22, 24). This habeas case was dismissed in 2021. See Hill v. Turner, No. 4:20-cv-997, 2021 WL 4441590, at *7 (N.D. Ohio Sept. 28, 2021), certificate of appealability denied, No. 21-4035, 2022 WL 17411278 (6th Cir. May 17, 2022), rehearing denied, (July 12, 2022), cert. denied, No. 22-5685, 143 S.Ct. 494 (Dec. 5, 2022). Plaintiff appears to have omitted this part of his access-to-courts claim in his Amended Complaint. (See Doc. 5, PageID 310, 317).
Plaintiff seeks, in addition to monetary damages:
[A] judgment granting Plaintiff:
116. A declaration judgment that ODRC's policy in place to give Plaintiff access to the courts when it comes to adequate assistance and the proper amount of time in the law libraries is unconstitutional.
117. A preliminary and permanent injunction ordering the Defendant to mandate in ODRC policy to give Plaintiff access to the courts that 1) inmates who wish to work the institutional law libraries must be trained in the law with a paralegal certificate to be able to work the law libraries, 2) provide and establish a comprehensive training and continuing education program for inmate legal clerks, 3) provide staff member trained in the law to supervise the operations of the law libraries, 4) allow Plaintiff to have access to his table[t] or a paralegal trained person while in segregation, and 5) provide Plaintiff counsel for direct representation in Plaintiff state court claims in case number CR-04-2741 in the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas, and in the Sixth District Court of Appeals.(Doc. 5, PageID 319-320).
The Undersigned concludes that Plaintiff has not sufficiently alleged in his Amended Complaint that he is currently facing an imminent danger of serious physical injury. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). Rather, the Amended Complaint appears to seek damages and a declaration that he was unable to raise certain issues in the past because Defendant did not provide him the resources to properly do so. These access-to-courts allegations are insufficient to satisfy the “imminent danger” exception. See Jackson v. Novak, No. 1:21-cv-1030, 2022 WL 100096, at *3 (W.D. Mich. Jan. 11, 2022) (concluding that plaintiff's access-to-court claim did not present imminent danger, and his allegations about the general “health consequences-which purportedly flow from stress which is purportedly caused by a constitutional violation-to be too conclusory and speculative to establish imminent danger of serious physical injury sufficient to except this case from the three-strike bar.”); Cromer v. Davids, No. 1:19-cv-883, 2019 WL 5704022, at *2-3 (W.D. Mich. Nov. 5, 2019) (concluding that plaintiff's various “claims challenging the lawfulness of his incarceration, the lawfulness of this placement in administrative segregation, the taking of his legal and other property, and interference with his access to the court to pursue habeas corpus relief” did not “allege any credible imminent danger of serious physical injury”); Pointer v. Morh, No. 2:18-cv-653, 2018 WL 4999836, at *1-3 (S.D. Ohio Oct. 16, 2018) (concluding that “Plaintiff's claims concern[ing] his termination from his food service job . . . and the alleged denial of his access to court,” even when supplemented by allegations about a failure to provide PTSD programming, did not present “an imminent, real and proximate danger of serious physical injury so as to qualify” under the exception). Because Plaintiff does not satisfy the exception here, the statute bars him from proceeding in this case in forma pauperis.
The Undersigned therefore RECOMMENDS that the Court:
1. FIND Plaintiff to have, on 3 or more prior occasions, while incarcerated or detained in any facility, brought an action or appeal in a court of the United States that was dismissed on the grounds that it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, and accordingly DEEM Plaintiff to have accrued “three strikes” under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).
2. DENY Plaintiff's Application to proceed in forma pauperis. (Doc. 1, 4).
3. ORDER Plaintiff to pay the full $402 filing fee ($350 filing fee, plus $52 administrative fee) required to commence this action, within thirty days, and ADVISE Plaintiff that his failure to pay the full $402 filing fee within thirty days will result in the dismissal of this action.
4. ORDER Plaintiff to file a Notice in all pending federal cases in which he has sought or been granted in forma pauperis status that identifies all of his previously dismissed cases.
5. CERTIFY pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3) that an appeal of any Order adopting this Report and Recommendation would not be taken in good faith.Plaintiff is advised that should he pay the filing fees to proceed in this case, his claims will be screened in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 1915A and could also be subject to dismissal as frivolous or for failure to state a claim. See generally Peatross v. City of Memphis, 818 F.3d 233, 241 (6th Cir. 2016) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 676 (2009)) (“It is well-settled that “[g]overnment officials may not be held liable for the unconstitutional conduct of their subordinates under the theory of respondeat superior.”); Harris v. Ohio Adult Parole Auth., No. 2:21-cv-1401, 2021 WL 3169156, at *3 (S.D. Ohio July 26, 2021) (dismissing § 1983 claim against an official who failed to respond “to personal letters Plaintiff sent to him through the years,” because “§ 1983 requires more than just a failure to respond to correspondence.”); Harris v. German Twp., No. 3:19-cv-341, 2022 WL 866815, at *5 (S.D. Ohio Mar. 23, 2022) (only those claims accruing within the two years before the Complaint was filed are actionable under § 1983). The filing fee will not be returned if the case is dismissed during screening.
A plaintiff's failure to disclose his full litigation history and status under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g) may have serious consequences. The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit dismissed a three-striker's action with prejudice where he failed to disclose. See Sloan v. Lesza, 181 F.3d 857 (7th Cir. 1999). There, the Court warned:
[Plaintiff] committed a fraud on the federal judiciary by seeking and obtaining permission to appeal in forma pauperis without revealing that he has already been held to be covered by § 1915(g).... Litigants to whom § 1915(g) applies take heed! An effort to bamboozle the court by seeking permission to proceed in forma pauperis after a federal judge has held that § 1915(g) applies to a particular litigant will lead to immediate termination of the suit.Id. at 859. See also Martin v. Ohio, No. 2:22-cv-1654, 2023 WL 386245, at *3 (S.D. Ohio Jan. 25, 2023) (denying plaintiff's motion to proceed in forma pauperis and advising him that “the Court will dismiss with prejudice any future cases in which Plaintiff seeks in forma pauperis status without identifying previously dismissed cases”).
Finally, Plaintiff is ADVISED that he must keep this Court informed of his current address, and promptly file a Notice of New Address if he is released or transferred.