Summary
upholding rejection of "expert testimony" opining that an entity had market power that "was conclusory, based upon insufficient economic analysis, and incomplete in its definition of the relevant market"
Summary of this case from Hall v. ThomasOpinion
No. 03-16272.
March 5, 2007.
Keith E. Rounsaville, Litchford Christopher, Orlando, FL, for Gulfstream Park Racing Ass'n, Inc.
Lara J. Tibbals, David T. Knight, Marie A. Borland, Hill, Ward Henderson, P.A., James M. Landis, Jon P. Tasso, Foley Lardner, Tampa, FL, for Tampa Bay Downs, Inc., Jacksonville Greyhound Racing, Inc., Investment Corp. of Palm Beach and Daytona Beach Kennel Club, Inc.
Harold F.X. Purnell, Rutledge, Ecenia, Underwood, Purnell Hoffman, P.A., Tallahassee, FL, for Tampa Bay Downs, Inc., Jacksonville Greyhound Racing, Inc., Investment Corp. of Palm Beach, Daytona Beach Kennel Club, Inc. and Intervenors.
George L. Waas, Atty. Gen. Dept. of Legal Affairs, Tallahassee, FL, for Intervenors.
Appeals from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida.
This case arises out of a dispute between Gulfstream Park Racing Association ("Gulfstream") and Tampa Bay Downs, Inc. ("Tampa Bay Downs") over the enforceability of certain contracts under Florida's Pari-Mutuel Wagering Act (the "Wagering Act"). Because we found that this was an unsettled question of distinct importance to the State of Florida in its efforts to regulate the gambling industry, and because the Wagering Act is part of a complex and extensive regulatory scheme governing the gambling industry in the State of Florida, we certified the following question to the Florida Supreme Court:
DOES THE FLORIDA PARI-MUTUEL WAGERING ACT PROHIBIT AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN A FLORIDA THOROUGHBRED RACETRACK AND AN OUT-OF-STATE RACETRACK THAT GRANTS THE FLORIDA RACETRACK THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO DISSEMINATE THE OUT-OF-STATE TRACK'S SIMULCAST SIGNAL TO OTHER FLORIDA WAGERING SITES PERMITTED TO RECEIVE THEM?
We have now received that Court's answer to this question, and we shall resolve the case before us.
I.
In Florida, pari-mutuel wagers on broadcasts or "Simulcasts" of live horse races from out-of-state host tracks can be placed only at venues that have pari-mutuel wagering permits from the Florida Division of Pari-Mutuel Wagering. Prior to 1997, the State of Florida placed statutory restrictions on the number of these Simulcasts that thoroughbred racetracks in Florida could receive and disseminate to other pari-mutuel wagering sites (including other horse racing tracks, greyhound tracks, and jai alai frontons). In late 1996, however, the Florida legislature removed this limitation. Once the limitation was removed, Gulfstream began entering into "Exclusive Contracts" with various out-of-state thoroughbred racetracks that purported to grant Gulfstream the "exclusive right" to disseminate Simulcasts of the out-of-state races to the other wagering sites.
On January 27, 2003, Gulfstream sued Tampa Bay Downs alleging that it had interfered with and usurped Gulfstream's "exclusive rights" to disseminate these Simulcasts. In Count 3 of its complaint, Gulfstream sought a declaratory judgment that these exclusivity provisions were valid and enforceable in Florida because they are not prohibited by Sections 550.615(3) and 550.6305(9)(g)l of the Wagering Act. In response, Tampa Bay Downs counter-claimed for damages, alleging Gulfstream's exclusive contracts violated federal and state antitrust laws.
Gulfstream also claimed damages from Tampa Bay Downs caused by its alleged breach of the Simulcast agreements (Count 4) and its intentional interference with Gulfstream's prospective advantageous business relationships with the pari-mutuel permit holders (Count 5).
Subsequently, Tampa Bay Downs filed a motion for summary judgment, contending that Sections 550.615(3) and 550.5305(9)(g)l of the Wagering Act prohibit Gulfstream's exclusive agreements with the other wagering sites.
Tampa Bay Downs also argued that it was entitled to judgment on Gulfstream's contract-based tort claims.
Although no Florida appellate court had decided a case that considered whether the Wagering Act prohibits exclusive or restrictive provisions in Simulcast agreements between an out-of-state host track and a Florida thoroughbred guest track, the district court held that the plain meaning of the Wagering Act did prohibit such provisions, and granted summary judgment to Tampa Bay Downs on this issue. Gulfstream Park Racing Ass'n., Inc. v. Tampa Bay Downs, Inc., 294 F.Supp.2d 1291 (M.D.Fla.2003).
The Supreme Court of Florida has now answered that the district court's interpretation of the Wagering Act was correct, and the Act does indeed prohibit the sort of contracts at issue in this case. Gulfstream Park Racing Ass'n., Inc. v. Tampa Bay Downs, Inc., 2006 WL 2690152, 31 Fla. L. Weekly S591, 948 So.2d 599 (Fla. Sept. 21, 2006).
Additionally, the Florida Supreme Court opined that the relevant sections of the Wagering Act are not preempted by the Inter-state Horseracing Act. We agree with this conclusion because simultaneous compliance with the requirements of both the state and federal statutes is possible. Thus, there is no conflict preemption. Nor do we find any conflict with the Federal Copyright Act.
Therefore, based upon that answer, we shall affirm the entry of judgment for Tampa Bay Downs by the district court as to Count 3 of Gulfstream's second amended complaint.
We also agree with the district court that Gulfstream's claims for intentional interference with advantageous business relationships and breach of contract cannot be maintained when the contract interfered with or breached was void ab initio. See Thomas v. Ratiner, 462 So.2d 1157, 1159 (Fla. 3d DCA 1985). Accordingly, we shall affirm the district court's entry of summary judgment for Tampa Bay Downs on these contract-based tort claims as well.
II.
Remaining for resolution is Tampa Bay Downs' appeal of the district court's disposition of its antitrust claims. In its counterclaim, Tampa Bay Downs sought damages from Gulfstream, alleging that its exclusive dissemination agreements unreasonably restrained competition in violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Antitrust Act, as well as the relevant Florida statutes. The district court rejected this claim, holding that Tampa Bay Downs' evidence was legally insufficient to establish the relevant product market for antitrust purposes. Gulfstream Park, 294 F.Supp.2d at 1309-10. Tampa Bay Downs appeals this ruling.
To establish the relevant market, Tampa Bay Downs relied upon expert testimony, which the district court held was conclusory, based upon insufficient economic analysis, and incomplete in its definition of the relevant market. Id. at 1307-10. We have previously held that as a matter of law such testimony does not establish the relevant market. Bailey v. Allgas, Inc., 284 F.3d 1237, 1246-47 (11th Cir.2002) (plaintiffs expert testimony, which failed to consider alternative products in defining relevant market, insufficient as a matter of law); Levine v. Cent. Fla. Med. Affiliates, Inc., 72 F.3d 1538, 1553, 1555 (11th Cir.1996) (affirming summary judgment where the plaintiff's economist failed to adequately define relevant market).
We have reviewed the expert testimony on this issue in the context of the district court's careful and very thorough analysis of its deficiencies and we find no error in its conclusion that the testimony was insufficient, as a matter of law, to establish the relevant market. Accordingly, the court's entry of summary judgment for Gulfstream on this claim is affirmed.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, and based upon the Florida Supreme Court's answer to our certified question, the judgment of the district court is, in all respects,
AFFIRMED.