Opinion
Docket No. 15-1307 August Term, 2015
05-31-2017
Trathony GRIFFIN and Michael Godwin, Plaintiffs–Appellants, v. SIRVA INC. and Allied Van Lines, Inc., Defendants–Appellees.
STUART LICHTEN, Lichten & Bright, P.C., New York, NY, for Plaintiffs–Appellants. GEORGE W. WRIGHT, George W. Wright & Associates, LLC, New York, NY, for Defendants–Appellees.
STUART LICHTEN, Lichten & Bright, P.C., New York, NY, for Plaintiffs–Appellants.
GEORGE W. WRIGHT, George W. Wright & Associates, LLC, New York, NY, for Defendants–Appellees.
Before: POOLER, HALL, and CARNEY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
This appeal presents the question of who may be held liable under Section 296(15) of the New York State Human Rights Law ("NYSHRL"), which prohibits the denial of employment on the basis of a criminal conviction, and who may be held liable under Section 296(6) of the NYSHRL, which imposes liability for the aiding and abetting of a violation of Section 296(15). See N.Y. Exec. Law § 296(6), (15).
Plaintiffs-appellants Trathony Griffin and Michael Godwin (collectively, "Plaintiffs") are two former employees of Astro Moving and Storage Co. ("Astro"), which provides certain moving and storage services under contract to defendant-appellee Allied Van Lines, Inc. ("Allied"). Griffin and Godwin's direct employer, Astro, which is not a party to this appeal, terminated Griffin and Godwin after discovering their past criminal convictions through a background check. Because Astro had signed a contract under which Allied prohibited any individuals convicted of certain crimes from working on Allied jobs, Griffin and Godwin allege that Allied and defendant-appellee Sirva, Inc., as Allied's parent company, can be held liable under the NYSHRL, N.Y. Exec. Law § 290 et seq., for employment discrimination on the basis of their criminal convictions.
The United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Brodie, J. ) denied Plaintiffs' motion for partial summary judgment and granted Sirva and Allied's motion for summary judgment. The district court determined that Section 296(15) applied only to the aggrieved party's "employer." See Griffin v. Sirva, Inc. , No. 11-CV-1844, 2014 WL 2434196, at *11 (E.D.N.Y. May 29, 2014). The district court examined a variety of cases discussing how an entity is determined to be an individual's "employer." See id. at *11–*13. Because Griffin and Godwin were not employed by either Allied or Sirva, the district court determined that Allied and Sirva could not be held liable under the NYSHRL for Astro's termination of Griffin and Godwin. Id. at *14.
On August 30, 2016, this Court entered an order certifying three questions to the New York Court of Appeals:
First , does Section 296(15) limit liability for unlawful denial of employment only to the aggrieved party's "employer"? Second , if Section 296(15) is limited in that way, how should courts determine whether an entity is the aggrieved party's "employer" for the purposes of a claim under Section 296(15) ? Third , does the "aiding and abetting" liability provision of the NYSHRL, Section 296(6), apply to Section 296(15) such that a non-employer may be liable under Section 296(15) as an aider and abettor of an employer's unlawful denial of employment?
Griffin v. Sirva Inc. , 835 F.3d 283, 285 (2d Cir. 2016).
On May 4, 2017, the New York Court of Appeals issued its decision in response to this Court's certified questions. Griffin v. Sirva, Inc., 29 N.Y.3d 174, 54 N.Y.S.3d 360, 76 N.E.3d 1063, 2017 WL 1712423 (2017). The New York Court of Appeals answered the first certified question in the affirmative, as the district court had, holding that liability under Section 296(15) is limited to an aggrieved party's employer. Id. , 29 N.Y.3d at 181, 54 N.Y.S.3d at 362, 76 N.E.3d 1063 ; see Griffin , 2014 WL 2434196, at *10–*11.
With respect to the second certified question, the New York Court of Appeals reformulated the question posed as: "if Section 296(15) is limited to an employer, how should courts determine whether an entity is the aggrieved party's ‘employer’ for the purposes of a claim under Section 296(15) ?" Griffin, 29 N.Y.3d at 185, 54 N.Y.S.3d at 365, 76 N.E.3d 1063, (brackets omitted). Based on New York case law, the New York Court of Appeals identified four factors to use in determining whether an entity is an aggrieved party's employer: "(1) the selection and engagement of the servant; (2) the payment of salary or wages; (3) the power of dismissal; and (4) the power of control of the servant's conduct." Id. at 12–13, 29 N.Y.3d at 186, 54 N.Y.S.3d at 366, 76 N.E.3d 1963 (citing State Div. of Human Rights v. GTE Corp. , 109 A.D.2d 1082, 1083, 487 N.Y.S.2d 234 (1985) ). The New York Court of Appeals concluded that "common-law principles, as discussed in GTE , determine who may be liable as an employer under [S]ection 296(15) of the [New York State] Human Rights Law, with greatest emphasis placed on the alleged employer's power to order and control the employee in his or her performance of work." Griffin, 29 N.Y.3d at 186, 54 N.Y.S.3d at 366, 76 N.E.3d 1063, (internal quotation marks omitted).
With respect to the third certified question, the New York Court of Appeals reformulated the question posed as follows: "whether [S]ection 296(6) extends liability to an out-of-state nonemployer who aids or abets employment discrimination against individuals with a prior criminal conviction." Id. at 14, 29 N.Y.3d at 187, 54 N.Y.S.3d at 366, 76 N.E.3d 1063. The New York Court of Appeals answered this question in the affirmative. Id. The New York Court of Appeals decided that the district court had read Section 296(6) too narrowly, and explained that " Section 296(6) extends liability to persons and entities beyond joint employers," that " Section 296(6)... applies to out-of-state defendants," and that the "provision should be construed broadly." Id. at 14, 15, 29 N.Y.3d. at 187, 188, 54 N.Y.S.3d at 367, 76 N.E.3d 1063.
Accordingly, we VACATE the order of the district court to the extent that it conflicts with the decision of the New York Court of Appeals and REMAND the case for further proceedings.