Summary
agreeing with the reasoning in Bara and holding that the allowable unit of prosecution under § 49.045 is "one offense for each incident of driving or operating a vehicle"
Summary of this case from Ex parte CookOpinion
NUMBER 13-16-00134-CR
12-08-2016
Kimberly GONZALEZ, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee.
Hon. Christopher J. Gale, Attorney at Law, Corpus Christi, TX, for Appellant(s). Hon. Douglas K. Norman, Asst. District Attorney, Hon. Mark Skurka, District Attorney, Corpus Christi, TX, for Appellee(s).
Hon. Christopher J. Gale, Attorney at Law, Corpus Christi, TX, for Appellant(s).
Hon. Douglas K. Norman, Asst. District Attorney, Hon. Mark Skurka, District Attorney, Corpus Christi, TX, for Appellee(s).
Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Garza and Longoria
OPINION
Opinion by Justice Garza
Appellant Kimberly Gonzalez pleaded guilty to and was convicted of three counts of driving while intoxicated ("DWI") with a child passenger, a state jail felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 49.045 (West, Westlaw through 2015 R.S.). Gonzalez argues on appeal that her convictions violated the Double Jeopardy Clause because they all arose from the same traffic accident. Because we agree, we vacate the judgment as to two of the counts, and affirm the judgment as to the remaining count.
I. BACKGROUND
Gonzalez was the driver of a vehicle involved in a traffic accident on July 5, 2014 on the Crosstown Expressway in Corpus Christi. According to police reports, the vehicle appeared to have been in a rollover accident. There was one adult passenger in the front of the vehicle, and Gonzalez's three children were passengers in the back seat. The children, aged six years, seven years, and ten months, were injured and bleeding, and were taken to the hospital. Hospital records indicate that the infant suffered a fractured femur ; the six-year-old child suffered a fractured pelvis and lacerated liver and kidney; and the seven-year-old child suffered a skull fracture, requiring emergency surgery. Police reports indicate that none of the children were properly restrained at the time of the accident. The reports also indicate that Gonzalez had slurred speech and bloodshot eyes, and that she admitted to drinking several alcoholic beverages prior to the accident.
Gonzalez was indicted on three counts of intoxication assault, a third-degree felony, see id. § 49.07 (West, Westlaw through 2015 R.S.), and three counts of DWI with a child passenger. Seeid. § 49.045. For each offense, the indictment listed one count pertaining to each child present in the vehicle. The indictment was later amended to omit one of the intoxication assault counts.
Gonzalez filed a motion for writ of habeas corpus as well as a "Motion to Quash and Exception to Substance of Indictment," each arguing that "multiple prosecutions/convictions for the single act of [DWI] would offend the prohibition against double jeopardy" under the United States and Texas Constitutions. See U.S. CONST. amends V, XIV ; TEX. CONST. art. I, § 14.Subsequently, Gonzalez pleaded guilty to the three counts of DWI with a child passenger (Counts 3, 4, and 5), and the State dismissed the two intoxication assault counts (Counts 1 and 2). The trial court sentenced Gonzalez to two years' imprisonment, with the sentence suspended and community supervision imposed for five years, and it certified her right to appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 25.2(a)(2).
The record contains no written order on the motions, though it does contain a docket sheet with an entry indicating that the motion to quash was denied.
II. DISCUSSION
Gonzalez argues by one issue that the Double Jeopardy Clause prevents her from being convicted for three counts of DWI with a child passenger—one for each child present in the vehicle—arising out of the same traffic accident.
The Double Jeopardy Clause protects against multiple punishments for the same offense. SeeEx parte Benson , 459 S.W.3d 67, 71 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) ; Bigon v. State , 252 S.W.3d 360, 369 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). When a defendant alleges that multiple punishments have been assessed for the same offense under a single statute, "we must determine the allowable unit of prosecution for the statute that proscribes the offense." Jones v. State , 323 S.W.3d 885, 888 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). If each alleged violation of the statute was for a separate "allowable unit of prosecution," there is no double jeopardy violation. SeeEx parte Hawkins , 6 S.W.3d 554, 556 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
Where a statute does not explicitly state the allowable unit of prosecution, as here, we must construe the statute to identify the focus or "gravamen" of the offense. Jones , 323 S.W.3d at 888. "The gravamen of an offense can be (1) the result of the conduct, (2) the nature of the conduct, or (3) the circumstances surrounding the conduct." Loving v. State , 401 S.W.3d 642, 647 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). Several tools can be utilized to determine the gravamen of a statutory provision: one method seeks to analyze the grammar and syntax of the statute, while a second looks at when the offense is a completed act. Id. (citing Jones , 323 S.W.3d at 888 ). Further, if each statutory provision protects a victim from a different type of harm, that is evidence that the Legislature intended for each commission of a prohibited act to be punished separately. Id.
The statute at issue here, penal code section 49.045, was enacted in 2003 and provides that a person commits the state jail felony offense of DWI with a child passenger if: "(1) the person is intoxicated while operating a motor vehicle in a public place; and (2) the vehicle being operated by the person is occupied by a passenger who is younger than 15 years of age." TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 49.045(a). Gonzalez argues that the gravamen of the offense is "the act of driving under certain circumstances" and not the exposure of a particular child to danger. She contends that the case is analogous to Harris v. State , in which the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals held that the allowable unit of prosecution for indecency with a child by exposure is not the number of children involved, but the act of exposure itself. 359 S.W.3d 625, 629–30 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). In response, the State contends that the legislative history of section 49.045 indicates that the offense was intended to be a "more specific application" of the child endangerment statute which "could be used to enhance future DWI offenses." See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.041(c) (West, Westlaw through 2015 R.S.) (providing that a person commits the state jail felony of child endangerment "if he intentionally, knowingly, recklessly, or with criminal negligence, by act or omission, engages in conduct that places a child younger than 15 years in imminent danger of death, bodily injury, or physical or mental impairment"). The State suggests, without reference to authority, that "[h]ad the endangering conduct been anything other than DWI, the [child endangerment] statute would have allowed a separate offense for each child" and therefore it "would be absurd for the newly-enacted and more specific statute to thereby reduce the number of offenses for which the defendant could be punished."
The Senate bill analysis of the enacting law stated:
Under current Texas law, a person who is driving while intoxicated (DWI) and has a child in the motor vehicle can be charged with child endangerment. However the DWI, the lesser charge [a class A or class B misdemeanor], will not be prosecuted, because child endangerment is a state [jail] felony. S.B. 45 creates a new offense, "DWI with child passenger," as a state jail felony.
Comm. on Criminal Justice, Bill Analysis, Tex. S.B. 45, 78th Leg., R.S. (2003).
Since the filing of briefs in this case, the Eastland Court of Appeals decided in State v. Bara that the "allowable unit of prosecution" under section 49.045 is "one offense for each incident of driving or operating a vehicle." 500 S.W.3d 582, 587 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.). The Eastland court noted that, though "[t]he statute is not as clear as it could be because of the use of the passive voice," the phrase "by a passenger who is younger than 15 years of age" is a "descriptive adverbial phrase." 500 S.W.3d at 585. The court concluded:
Driving or operating the vehicle is the offense element that requires a completed act for the offense of DWI with a child passenger. Once the act of driving is completed, as indicated above, the offense is complete so long as the State proves the existence of another circumstance: the presence of a child. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 49.045. Like Harris , the presence of a child in the vehicle does not constitute an "act"; rather, the presence of a child in the vehicle is a circumstance that accompanies the "act" of driving or operating. The child need only be present in the car for the offense to be effectuated; the child does not have to be aware that the driver is intoxicated, and there need not be any actual injury to the child. Cf.Harris , 359 S.W.3d at 631 (applying such factors to offense of indecency with a child by exposure). Therefore, the allowable unit of prosecution is each incident of driving, not each child present in the vehicle.
500 S.W.3d at 586. We concur with the Eastland court's reasoning and agree that the "allowable unit of prosecution" for DWI with a child passenger is one offense for each incident of driving or operating a vehicle.See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 49.045.
It is also noteworthy that the court of criminal appeals has stated that "the allowable unit of prosecution for an assaultive offense is one unit per victim." Bigon v. State, 252 S.W.3d 360, 372 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). The child endangerment statute, section 22.041, is contained within chapter 22 of the penal code, which is entitled "Assaultive Offenses." See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.041. On the other hand, the DWI with a child passenger statute is contained within chapter 49 of the penal code, entitled "Intoxication and Alcoholic Beverage Offenses." Seeid. § 49.045. Therefore, Bigon does not compel a conclusion that the allowable unit of prosecution for DWI with a child passenger is "one unit per victim." SeeState v. Bara, 500 S.W.3d 582, 586 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.).
The State additionally argues that Gonzalez failed to preserve the issue in the trial court because a motion to quash the indictment was not the proper vehicle for asserting a double jeopardy challenge. The State notes correctly that it is permitted to allege multiple offenses in one indictment and there will be no double jeopardy problem if the jury is later instructed that it may convict on only one of them. SeeCrocker v. State , 573 S.W.2d 190, 197 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1978). The State argues that the trial court therefore did not err in denying the motion to quash.
We agree that the trial court did not err by denying the motion to quash; however, we disagree that this precludes us from reviewing the double jeopardy issue. The court of criminal appeals has held that, because of the "fundamental nature" of double jeopardy protections, a double jeopardy claim may be raised for the first time on appeal if two conditions are met: "(1) the undisputed facts show that the double-jeopardy violation is clearly apparent on the face of the record; and (2) enforcement of the usual rules of procedural default serves no legitimate state interest." Ex parte Denton , 399 S.W.3d 540, 544–45 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (citing Langs v. State , 183 S.W.3d 680, 687 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) ; Gonzalez v. State , 8 S.W.3d 640, 643 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) ). A double jeopardy claim is "apparent on the face of the trial record" if "resolution of the claim does not require further proceedings for the purpose of introducing additional evidence in support" of the double jeopardy claim. Id. (citing Ex parte Knipp , 236 S.W.3d 214, 216, n.3 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) ; Gonzalez , 8 S.W.3d at 643 ).
The State contends that, because there is no reporter's record of the plea hearing, we must presume that evidence was presented at the hearing that supported the judgment. SeeWilliams v. State , 950 S.W.2d 383, 385 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, pet. ref'd) (holding that "in order to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support a judgment based on a plea of guilty or no contest, a defendant must bring forward a full statement of facts, including a transcription of the plea proceedings"). It contends that "[f]or all we know, evidence presented at the hearing might have shown that Gonzalez was stopped for DWI three separate times on the same day, each time with a separate child passenger." We disagree. Medical records and police reports attached to Gonzalez's judicial confession of guilt establish conclusively that there was only one traffic accident. Accordingly, as in Denton , "there is no need for expansion of the record" because it "contains all of the information needed to address the merits of the double-jeopardy claim." SeeEx parte Denton , 399 S.W.3d at 544–45 (noting that "[i]f we find that there is a double-jeopardy violation, the remedy will be to vacate one of the convictions" and "no additional proceedings will be required").
Finally, the State asserts that the lack of a reporter's record of the plea hearing prevents us from determining whether "enforcement of the usual rules of procedural default serves no legitimate state interest," seeid. at 544, because a record of the hearing might show "an explicit waiver of a double jeopardy challenge by Gonzalez in exchange for the plea agreement." Again, we disagree. Even if such an explicit waiver was made, the State does not cite authority, and we find none, establishing that there would be a "legitimate state interest" in maintaining the clearly erroneous convictions. Seeid. at 545 ("While the state may have an interest in maintaining the finality of a conviction, we perceive no legitimate interest in maintaining a conviction when it is clear on the face of the record that the conviction was obtained in contravention of constitutional double-jeopardy protections."); but seeid. at 556–57 (Keller, P.J., concurring) (noting that the Denton majority "writes this second ‘no legitimate state interest’ prong out of the law" and therefore conflicts with Gonzalez , which originally espoused the two-part test, and Langs , which affirmed Gonzalez ).
It is unclear from the record whether Gonzalez explicitly waived her right to assert a double jeopardy challenge on appeal. Her written waiver of rights states:
Withdrawal of Pretrial Motions and/or Rulings on Pretrial Motions : In the event that my lawyer filed pretrial motions on my behalf, I hereby withdraw all such motions, except those motions previously ruled upon by the Court. If the Court ruled on my pretrial motions filed on my behalf, I hereby waive my right to appeal any such rights.
Waiver of Appeal : I understand that, whether I plead guilty or nolo contendere with or without a plea bargain agreement, I may have a limited right to appeal. Regardless of the result of this proceeding, I hereby waive any right of appeal that I may have in this cause.
(Emphasis in original.) The words "except those motions previously ruled upon by the Court" in the first paragraph are crossed out, but Gonzalez's initials appear next to that paragraph. Gonzalez's initials were written, then crossed out, next to the second paragraph.
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We conclude that a double jeopardy violation is "clearly apparent on the face of the record" and "enforcement of the usual rules of procedural default serves no legitimate state interest." Seeid. at 544–45. Therefore, even if Gonzalez failed to preserve the issue at trial, she is permitted to raise the issue for the first time on appeal. And, for the reasons stated above, we sustain the issue.
III. CONCLUSION
Generally, when a defendant is convicted of multiple offenses in violation of double jeopardy, the conviction for the more serious offense is retained, and the others are set aside. Id. at 547 (citing Ex parte Cavazos , 203 S.W.3d 333, 337 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) ). Here, the three DWI with a child passenger convictions are of equal seriousness. In Cavazos , the court of criminal appeals noted that, "all other factors being equal, the conviction that should be affirmed is the offense named in the first verdict form." Ex parte Cavazos , 203 S.W.3d at 339 n.8. Accordingly, we vacate Gonzalez's convictions on Counts 4 and 5 and we affirm her conviction on Count 3.