Summary
In Farmer, the Tennessee Supreme Court held that evidence of a gunshot wound was insufficient to establish "extreme physical pain" and to constitute "serious bodily injury" where the bullet passed through the victim's leg and hospital records classified the pain as "mild" to "moderate."
Summary of this case from State v. MartinOpinion
Opinion filed March 10, 1961.
1. CRIMINAL LAW.
No man is to be deprived of his rights upon conjecture, and it is often difficult to draw line between conjecture and legitimate inference, but test, furnished by logic and common experience rather than by law, is satisfied, when basic facts proved warrant conclusion that ultimate fact or proposition in issue asserted by proponent is more probable hypothesis.
2. CRIMINAL LAW.
In civil case, preponderance of evidence suffices, but in criminal case, guilt must be proved beyond reasonable doubt, that is, circumstances must exclude every other reasonable hypothesis than that of guilt.
3. AUTOMOBILES.
Circumstances, including fact that defendant's automobile was found on road after midnight and that he was in it, drunk and asleep at wheel, warranted trier of fact in inferring guilt, beyond reasonable doubt, of driving automobile on public highway while under influence of intoxicant. T.C.A. sec. 59-1031.
4. CRIMINAL LAW.
On trial, defendant was presumed innocent; but on appeal, he was presumed guilty, and burden was on him to show that evidence preponderated against guilt and in favor of his innocence.
5. CRIMINAL LAW.
Rule governing Supreme Court's review of facts is same whether finding of guilt is based on testimony or on circumstantial evidence.
FROM MONTGOMERYPAUL D. WELKER, Clarksville, for Malcolm Farmer.
WALKER TIPTON, Assistant Attorney General, for State.
Defendant was convicted, in the Criminal Court, Montgomery County, James C. Cunningham, Special Criminal Judge, of driving automobile on public highway while under influence of intoxicant, and he appealed in error. The Supreme Court, Felts, Justice, held that circumstances, including fact that defendant's automobile was found on road after midnight and that he was in it, drunk and asleep at wheel, warranted trier of fact in inferring guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
Affirmed.
This is an appeal in error from a conviction of driving an automobile on a public highway while under the influence of an intoxicant. T.C.A. sec. 59-1031. It is urged the evidence preponderates against the finding of guilt and in favor of the innocence of plaintiff in error.
Evidence for the State was that on February 10, 1960, about 3:20 A.M., State Trooper James Wall saw standing on the side of the highway (U.S. 41A) an automobile, its front partly in the ditch and its rear extending about a foot over the surface of the road right-of-way. On investigation it proved to be plaintiff in error's car, and he was in it, drunk, asleep at the wheel. The key was in the ignition but was turned off. The clutch was broken so the car could not move by its own power.
The officer had the car towed in to a garage, and arrested plaintiff in error, took him to jail, and brought this charge against him of driving while drunk. He did not see him driving the car and had no direct knowledge of his having driven it. Such was the evidence for the State. Plaintiff in error offered no evidence.
He insists that the evidence failed to make out a case of driving while drunk; that, instead, it showed he was not driving but the car was standing still; and that "driving," within the sense of the statute (59-1031) prohibiting the driving of a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor or narcotic drugs, means such vehicle must be moving on a public highway or street.
He relies on Line v. State, 191 Tenn. 380, 234 S.W.2d 818, 819. Line was convicted on a charge of manslaughter by "operating and driving" a car on a highway while under the influence of an intoxicant. The proof, however, was that he was sitting in his car standing in the highway, trying to get its motor started, when struck from the rear by deceased's car. It was held that this variance of the proof from the charge required a reversal; that "operating and driving," within the purview of the statute, meant the car must be moving, not standing, on the road.
Though not driving at the moment of the collision, he was "driving" till his motor stopped a few minutes before, and it might well have been said this was a "driving" which would support the charge. Indeed, such a view was taken on similar facts by the author of the Line opinion in his concurring opinion in the later case of Bradam v. State, 191 Tenn. 626, 632, 235 S.W.2d 801, 803.
Referring to this in a later case, Mr. Justice Burnett pointed out that "the Bradam case weakens, to a great extent, what was said in the Line case." Hester v. State, 196 Tenn. 680, 683, 270 S.W.2d 321, 322, 47 A.L.R.2d 568.
In Hopson v. State, 201 Tenn. 337, 299 S.W.2d 11, we affirmed a conviction of driving under the influence of an intoxicant, though no one saw the car in motion or the accused driving it; such driving being proved by circumstantial evidence; that the car crashed into garbage cans and stopped near the street; the accused alighting, intoxicated, said she was driving; and wheel tracks led from the car back to the street.
After discussing the Hopson case and its circumstances warranting a conclusion of guilt, the Assistant Attorney General, with commendable candor, says: "The State feels that to attempt to reach the same conclusion from the set of facts in the present case would be leaving entirely too much to conjecture when dealing with the liberties of an individual."
The Court, however, is unable to share this view of the evidence. It is true no man is to be deprived of his rights upon conjecture; and it is often difficult to draw the line between conjecture and legitimate inference. The test is furnished not by law but by logic and common experience; and it is satisfied when the basic facts proved warrant the conclusion that the ultimate fact or proposition in issue asserted by the proponent is the more probable hypothesis. Bryan v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 174 Tenn. 602, 609-610, 130 S.W.2d 85; Law v. Louisville N.R. Co., 179 Tenn. 687, 696-699, 170 S.W.2d 360.
It is true a greater degree of proof is required in a criminal case than in a civil case; that in the later a preponderance suffices, while in the former guilt must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt; that is, the circumstances must exclude every other reasonable hypothesis than that of guilt. That is a rule for the Trial Court. Bryan v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., supra.
In the case before us, we think the circumstances warranted the trier of fact in inferring guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The car was found on the road after midnight; it was plaintiff in error's car; he was in it, drunk and asleep at the wheel; it must have been driven on the road to the point where it was found; in the absence of anything to suggest that this might have been done by someone else, it is reasonable to infer that it was done by plaintiff in error; and, in view of his intoxication, that it was done under the influence of the intoxicant.
The rule for review here differs from that on the trial below. There, the accused was presumed innocent; but the judgment and finding of guilt displaced the presumption of innocence, raised a presumption of guilt, and put upon plaintiff in error here the burden of showing the evidence preponderates against guilt and in favor of his innocence. Mahon v. State, 127 Tenn. 535, 548, 156 S.W. 458; Ivy v. State, 197 Tenn. 650, 652, 277 S.W.2d 363; Smith v. State, 205 Tenn. 502, 327 S.W.2d 308, 317.
The rule governing our review of the facts is the same whether the finding of guilt is based on testimonial or on circumstantial evidence. Ford v. State, 184 Tenn. 443, 450, 201 S.W.2d 539; Chadwick v. State, 189 Tenn. 256, 259, 225 S.W.2d 52; Liakas v. State, 199 Tenn. 298, 305, 286 S.W.2d 856.
Upon such a review, we think that plaintiff in error has failed to show that the evidence preponderates against the finding of guilt and in favor of his innocence. The assignment of error is overruled and the judgment below is affirmed.
Affirmed.