Summary
In Edmonson, like the case at bar, the appellant moved the court to set aside the default judgment on the ground of defective service of process.
Summary of this case from State of Arkansas Off., Child Sup. Enforce. v. MitchellOpinion
No. 77-363
Opinion delivered May 22, 1978
1. JUDGMENTS — NOTICE REQUIRED — JUDGMENT WITHOUT NOTICE VOID. — Ark. Stat. Ann. 29-107 (Repl. 1962) provides that all judgments rendered by any court against any person without notice, actual or constructive, and all proceedings thereon shall be absolutely null and void. 2. CIVIL PROCEDURE — NOTICE — METHOD OF SERVICE OF PROCESS. — In regard to notice, Ark. Stat. Ann. 27-330 (Repl. 1962) provides that service shall be effected by delivering to the defendant a copy of the summons; or, if he refuses to receive it, by offering a copy of it to him; or by leaving a copy of the summons at the usual place of abode of the defendant, with some person who is a member of his family over the age of 15 years. 3. CIVIL PROCEDURE — SERVICE OF PROCESS — STATUTORY METHOD OF SERVICE MANDATORY. — A failure to comply with the statutory method of service provided in Ark. Stat. Ann. 27-330 (Repl. 1962) renders any attempted service void. 4. PROCESS — STATUTORY SERVICE REQUIREMENTS — STRICT COMPLIANCE NECESSARY. — Statutory service requirements, being in derogation of common law rights, must be strictly construed and exactly complied with. 5. PROCESS — FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH MANDATORY PROVISIONS FOR SERVICE — INVALIDITY OF ATTEMPTED SERVICE. — Where service of process on a defendant was attempted by a deputy by giving the summons to defendant's wife at the jail, the deputy failed to sufficiently comply with the mandatory provisions of Ark. Stat. Ann. 27-330 (Repl. 1962), and the attempted service was invalid. 6. JUDGMENTS — INVALID SERVICE OF PROCESS — JUDGMENT VOID AB INITIO. — Where an attempted service of process on a defendant is invalid, a judgment rendered against him is void ab initio. 7. JUDGMENTS — JUDGMENT VOID AB INITIO — NO SHOWING OF CAUSE FOR RELIEF REQUIRED. — Where a judgment is void ab initio, a showing of a meritorious defense, or other just cause for relief, is unnecessary. 8. JUDGES — DISQUALIFICATION UNDER CODE OF JUDICIAL CONDUCT — RELATIVE AS ATTORNEY, EFFECT OF. — Under Canon 3C of the Code of Judicial Conduct, a judge should disqualify himself in a proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be questioned, including where he or his spouse, or a person within the third degree of relationship to either of them or the spouse of such a person, is acting as a lawyer in the proceeding. 9. JUDGES — DISCLOSURE OF BASIS FOR DISQUALIFICATION — WHEN PARTICIPATION PERMITTED. — Under Canon 3D of the Code of Judicial Conduct, a judge who is disqualified under Canon 3C of the Code, may disclose on the record the basis of such disqualification, instead of withdrawing, and if the parties and their lawyers agree independently in writing for him to participate, and incorporate the agreement in the record, he may do so. 10. JUDGES — NOTATION OF BASIS FOR DISQUALIFICATION REQUIRED WITHOUT REQUEST BY TRIAL LAWYER — EFFECTIVE DATE OF CAVEAT. — In cases arising in the trial court after May 22, 1978, the trial judge will be required to note his disqualification under Canon 3C of the Code of Judicial Conduct without any request by a trial lawyer.
Appeal from Boone Circuit Court, Joe D. Villines, Judge; reversed and remanded.
Thomas D. Ledbetter, of Ledbetter Associates, Ltd., for appellant.
Joe D. Villines, Jr., for appellee.
Appellee sought to recover $1,303.60 as unaccounted funds from appellant, his former employee. Summons was issued against appellant pursuant to Ark. Stat. Ann. 27-330 (Repl. 1962). The return recited personal service upon appellant. On the trial date appellant did not appear, and the court entered a default judgment for he amount sought in the complaint. An execution on the judgment was returned non est. Subsequently, appellant moved the court to set aside the default judgment on the ground, inter alia, of defective service of process. The trial court denied he motion after an evidentiary hearing. However, the court held that appellant would be allowed to file a counterclaim and cross-complaint as a setoff to appellee's default judgment. We first consider appellant's contention that the court erred in failing to vacate the default judgment because it was based upon an invalid service of process.
Ark. Stat. Ann. 29-107 (Repl. 1962), in pertinent part, provides that "[a]ll judgments" rendered by any court against any person "without notice, actual or constructive, and all proceedings" thereon "shall be absolutely null and void." See, also, Halliman v. Stiles, 250 Ark. 249, 464 S.W.2d 573 (1972). In regard to notice, 27-330 provides:
The service shall be: First. By delivering to the defendant a copy of the summons; or Second. If he refuses to receive it, by offering a copy thereof to him; or Third. By leaving a copy of such summons at the usual place of abode of the defendant, with some person who is a member of his family over the age of fifteen years.
A failure to comply with 27-330 renders any attempted service void. Booker v. Greenville Gravel Co., 249 Ark. 330, 459 S.W.2d 408 (1970). Here the court denied the motion to set aside the default judgment on the basis that appellant failed to meet his burden of proving the summons was not validly served upon him.
Appellant's father testified that the sheriff called him on the phone and told him he had a subpoena for his son. He told the sheriff that his son, a long distance truck driver, was not home and he did not know where his son was but he would be back in town the next week. Appellant's wife testified that she picked up the papers at the sheriff's office. At that time, appellant was away from home looking for a job and out of the county. The deputy sheriff, who was on duty the day the papers were served, testified that he did not remember serving the papers on appellant's wife. However, since his signature was on the return, "I am bound to have given her the papers." He admitted that, although the return recites appellant was personally served by him, that was not correct. He "possibly served them [on appellant's wife] at the jail." He stated he had not served any papers in the town where appellant resided. The sheriff testified that it was the custom of his office not to give such papers to family members at the office because "this is not good service."
The court observed that the service upon a member of appellant's household, his wife, at the jail rather than at the place of abode was a technical distinction and, therefore, the service was valid. We have held that statutory service requirements, being in derogation of common law rights, must be strictly construed and exactly complied with. Jenkins v. Hill, 240 Ark. 197, 398 S.W.2d 679 (1966). Here we are of he view that the undisputed proof clearly shows that the Deputy failed to sufficiently comply with the mandatory provisions of 27-330 in attempting service of process. Booker Greenville Gravel Co., supra. In the case at bar, the attempted service being invalid, the judgment was void ab initio. Halliman Stiles, supra. That being true, a showing of a meritorious defense or other just cause by a compliance with Ark. Stat. Ann. 29-506, 508 and 509 (Repl. 1962), as asserted by appellant, was unnecessary.
Appellant also contends that the trial judge erred in not disqualifying himself in the proceeding since his son is the lawyer representing the appellee. In support of his argument, appellant cites our recently approved Code of Judicial Conduct and argues that Canon 2 and 3 would require the judge to disqualify himself on his own motion or sua sponte. Appellee responds that, in the absence of any objection, as here, the asserted error was waived inasmuch as it is raised for the first time on appeal. Pettigrew et al v. Washington County, 43 Ark. 33 (1884); Washington Fire Ins. Co. v. Hogan, 139 Ark. 130, 213 S.W. 7 (1919); Nowlin v. Kreis, 213 Ark. 1027, 214 S.W.2d 221 (1948); and Carr v. City of El Dorado, 217 Ark. 423, 230 S.W.2d 485 (1950). Here, we are confident the trial judge would have quickly disqualified himself had he been so requested by appellant. We reverse only on the invalid service of process. However, because the problem is a recurring one that judges, including the members of this Court, are subject to we give the following caveat.
The State Judicial Council unanimously approved and recommended we adopt the Code of Judicial Conduct.
Canon 3C of the Code of Judicial Conduct provides:
(1) A judge should disqualify himself in a proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be questioned, including but not limited to instances where (d) he or his spouse, or a person within the third degree of relationship to either of them, or the spouse of such a person: . . .
(ii) is acting as a lawyer in the proceeding;
The commentary of the Special Committee on Standards of Judicial Conduct, American Bar Association, provides:
The fact that a lawyer in a proceeding is affiliated with a law firm with which a lawyer-relative of the judge is affiliated does not of itself disqualify the judge. Under appropriate circumstances, the fact that his impartiality might reasonably be questioned under Canon 3C (1), or that the lawyer-relative is known by the judge to have an interest in the law firm that could be `substantially affected by the outcome of the proceeding' under Canon 3(1)(d) (iii) may require his disqualification.
We are aware that in areas of this state good judges have sat in cases when the trial lawyer is related to the judge within the definition of the Code. In fact in some of those areas, it would be almost impossible for litigants to get a speedy disposition of their cases unless some understandable arrangement is worked out among the lawyer-relative of the judge and the party litigant. The Code of Judicial Conduct recognized this problem and provided a remedy. Canon 3D provides:
A judge disqualified by the terms of Canon 3C (1)(c) or Canon 3C (1)(d) may, instead of withdrawing from the proceeding, disclose on the record the basis of his disqualification. If, based on such disclosure, the parties and lawyers, independently of the judge's participation, all agree in writing that the judge's relationship is immaterial or that his financial interest is insubstantial, the judge is no longer disqualified, and may participate in the proceeding. The agreement, signed by all parties and lawyers, shall be incorporated in the record of the proceeding.
As pointed out in the commentary following Canon 3D, this procedure is designed to minimize the chance that a party or lawyer will feel coerced into an agreement. The commentary also states that when a party is not immediately available, the judge without violating this section may proceed on the written assurance of the lawyer that his party's consent will be subsequently filed. In cases arising in the trial court after this date, we construe our rule to require the judge to note his disqualification without any request by a trial lawyer.
The default judgment being void because of invalid service of process, the order denying appellant's motion to set it aside is reversed and the cause remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.