Summary
declining to exercise personal jurisdiction over a foreign corporation on the basis that its agent resided in the forum state when there was no evidence that the corporation had sufficient minimum contacts with the state
Summary of this case from Grayson Consulting, Inc. v. CathcartOpinion
No. CIV. AMD 04-3348.
May 5, 2005.
Kristin Pickett Herber, Steven Edward Tiller, Whiteford Taylor and Preston LLP, Baltimore, MD, for Plaintiff.
Gina M. Harastim, Gina M. Harasti PC, Baltimore, MD, Jacqueline Nicole Windsor, Matthew G. Hjortsberg, Bowie and Jensen LLC, Towson, MD, for Defendants.
AMENDED MEMORANDUM OPINION
In this diversity action, plaintiff, Debt Relief Network, Inc., filed a complaint against defendants Phillip J. Fewster, Jr., Esq., US Law Group (Fewster's law firm), Debt Shield, Inc., Compass Financial Solutions, Inc., and Phillip Fewster, Inc., alleging claims for fraud, negligent misrepresentation, misappropriation of trade secrets, breach of contract, and related, similar claims. The gravamen of all the claims is that Fewster, a former employee and former counsel to plaintiff, misappropriated certain proprietary intellectual property of plaintiff, and then opened competing businesses.
Defendants Phillip Fewster, Inc., U.S. Law Group, and Compass Financial Solutions, Inc. (referred to jointly as "the personal jurisdiction movants"), have moved to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(2). In addition, all defendants have moved to dismiss the claims for fraud and negligent misrepresentation pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) for failure to plead fraud with particularity as required by Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b). The issues are fully briefed and no hearing is needed. For the reasons set forth herein, the challenge to personal jurisdiction shall be sustained, but the motion to dismiss the intentional and negligent misrepresentation claims shall be denied.
It is perfectly clear, of course, that complete diversity of citizenship is lacking in this case and that therefore the court could dismiss the case on that basis. Notably, however, the Supreme Court has held that courts may dismiss a dispensable nondiverse party to retain jurisdiction. See Newman-Green, Inc. v. Alfonzo-Larrain, 490 U.S. 826, 832-37 (1989) (holding that court of appeals could dismiss nondiverse dispensable defendant); Iraola CIA, S.A. v. Kimberly-Clark Corp., 232 F.3d 854, 860-61 (11th Cir. 2000) (dismissing defendant). Accordingly, in view of the manifest lack of personal jurisdiction over the nondiverse defendants, US Law Group and Phillip J. Fewster, Inc., for the reasons set forth in text, those parties are being dismissed from the action (together with defendant Compass Financial Solutions, Inc., which is diverse from plaintiff). Rather than require plaintiff to refile the action without joining the nondiverse defendants, I am satisfied that the alternative "cure" to the jurisdictional flaw, dismissal of the non-diverse parties, displays the requisite respect for this court's status as a court of limited jurisdiction. Id.
I.
Plaintiff is a California corporation with its principal place of business in San Diego. Plaintiff identifies itself as a consumer rights advocate dedicated to protecting and relieving people in legitimate financial hardship of the pressures of burdensome debt. Over the years, it has invested substantial amounts to develop proprietary and confidential business plans, contacts, vendor and customer lists, and methods of doing business that provide it with a significant competitive advantage. Defendant Fewster is an attorney licensed in California, residing in (but presumably not practicing law in) Maryland, and formerly employed by plaintiff. Defendant US Law Group is Fewster's law firm and is registered in California. Defendant Debt Shield, Inc., is a Maryland corporation. Defendant Phillip J. Fewster, Inc., is a California corporation. Defendant Compass Financial Solutions, Inc., is a Florida corporation.Plaintiff alleges that, in willful violation of Fewster's fiduciary duties as counsel to plaintiff and in violation of a confidentiality/non-compete agreement executed by Fewster during his employment, Fewster used the client confidences and secrets that he obtained as an attorney to plaintiff to open competing businesses, which, allegedly, he operates through one or more of the corporate defendants. Additionally, Fewster has sold or marketed plaintiff's proprietary and trade secret information to other debt settlement and management companies for "large profits."
II.
Plaintiff apparently concedes that the only basis on which this court might assert personal jurisdiction over the personal jurisdiction movants, which are all corporate entities with no evident contacts with Maryland, is to attribute Fewster's domicile and/or Fewster's activities in Maryland (which are not described in the complaint) to them. In other words, plaintiff asserts that Fewster is the "alter ego" of all of the defendant companies, and that this court should "pierce the corporate veil" and exercise jurisdiction over the out-of-state corporations. The personal jurisdiction movants deny that such a theory can justify the exercise of personal jurisdiction over them under Maryland law or consistently with due process limitations on personal jurisdiction over non-forum parties. See generally Mitrano v. Hawes, 377 F.3d 402, 406 (4th Cir. 2004) ("To establish personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant through a state long arm statute, a court must first determine that jurisdiction is authorized by state law. See Ellicott Mach. Corp. v. John Holland Party Ltd., 995 F.2d 474, 477 (4th Cir. 1993). If it is, the court must next decide whether exercise of personal jurisdiction would be consistent with due process. See English Smith v. Metzger, 901 F.2d 36, 38 (4th Cir. 1990).").
I agree with the personal jurisdiction movants that plaintiff has attempted, unconvincingly, to turn settled personal jurisdiction jurisprudence on its head. It is sometimes the case that a court will "pierce the corporate veil" and attribute a corporation's contacts with the forum state to a shareholder or other individual, or to another corporation. E.g., Botwinick v. Credit Exch., Inc., 419 Pa. 65, 213 A.2d 349, 354 (1965) ("[I]f the record demonstrates that the subsidiary is the `alter ego' of the parent to the extent that domination and control by the parent corporation renders the subsidiary a mere instrumentality of the parent . . . [then] the parent corporation may be held to be doing business within the state under the facade of the subsidiary."); see also 4A Charles Alan Wright Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1069.4 (3d ed. 2002) ("[I]f the corporation is not a viable one and the individuals are in fact conducting personal activities and using the corporate form as a shield, a federal court may pierce the corporate veil and permit the assertion of personal jurisdiction over the individuals."). But it is also true that "a foreign parent corporation is not subject to the jurisdiction of a forum state merely because its subsidiary is present or doing business there; the mere existence of a parent-subsidiary relationship is not sufficient to warrant the assertion of jurisdiction over the foreign parent." Alpine View Co. v. Atlas Copco AB, 205 F.3d 208, 218 (5th Cir. 2000) (quoting Hargrave v. Fibreboard Corp., 710 F.2d 1154, 1159 (5th Cir. 1983)). Of course, Fewster is in no sense a "subsidiary" of, or under the control of, the personal jurisdiction movants; he is merely a domiciliary of Maryland.
Manifestly, what plaintiff seeks here is an application of law that would fall far outside settled principles. Plaintiff contends that this court might exercise personal jurisdiction over an out-of-state corporation solely because a shareholder or officer resides in the forum. Plaintiff has cited no case, applying Maryland law or otherwise, that has so held. Although plaintiff has denominated its theory as one based on the concepts of "alter ego" and "veil piercing," in fact, plaintiff is in effect asking the court to treat Fewster as the agent for service of process on the personal jurisdiction movants. The court declines to do so. Plaintiff bemoans the fact that if this court declines to exercise personal jurisdiction over the personal jurisdiction movants, it will be required to institute multiple suits in several jurisdictions, which, according to plaintiff, would amount to an inequity. That, of course, is a function of our federal system and the ordered arrangements long known and accepted under our notion of due process. Accordingly, the motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction shall be granted.
III.
Viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, the allegations supporting the intentional and negligent misrepresentation claims may be understood to include the following:
(1) Fewster was employed as a non-attorney by plaintiff and subsequently, he commenced employment as an attorney, during which he impliedly represented to plaintiff that he would conduct himself with integrity and consonant with the fiduciary duties any attorney owes to a client, and accordingly, he was afforded access to certain proprietary information, procedures, program documents, and other trade secrets of plaintiff in the course of his employment as an attorney;
(2) Fewster willfully misappropriated trade secrets and other proprietary information and made use of that information to engage in a competing business and to market such trade secret information to other competitors;
(3) Fewster induced a named colleague and fellow employee of plaintiff to terminate his employment and to work for Fewster; and
(4) Plaintiff would not have retained the services of Fewster as an attorney but for its belief that he would maintain the security of its trade secret and proprietary information consistently with his duties as an attorney.
As is well known, Rule 9(b) requires that fraud claims be alleged with "particularity." Harrison v. Westinghouse Savannah River Co., 176 F.3d 776, 784 (4th Cir. 1999):
According to two noted scholars, the "circumstances" required to be pled with particularity under Rule 9(b) are "the time, place, and contents of the false representations, as well as the identity of the person making the misrepresentation and what he obtained thereby." 5 Charles Alan Wright and Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil § 1297, at 590 (2d ed. 1990). See also Lasercomb America, Inc. v. Reynolds, 911 F.2d 970, 980 (4th Cir. 1990); In re Cryomedical Sciences, Inc. Securities Litigation, 884 F.Supp. 1001, 1012-13 (D.Md. 1995); In re Medimmune, Inc. Securities Litigation, 873 F.Supp. 953, 964-69 (D.Md. 1995). Mere allegations of "fraud by hindsight" will not satisfy the requirements of Rule 9(b). Hillson Partners Ltd. Partnership v. Adage, Inc., 42 F.3d 204, 209 (4th Cir. 1994). The second sentence of Rule 9(b) allows conclusory allegations of defendant's knowledge as to the true facts and of defendant's intent to deceive. See 5 Wright and Miller §§ 1297, at 612.
Rule 9(b) has four purposes:
First, the rule ensures that the defendant has sufficient information to formulate a defense by putting it on notice of the conduct complained of. . . . Second, Rule 9(b) exists to protect defendants from frivolous suits. A third reason for the rule is to eliminate fraud actions in which all the facts are learned after discovery. Finally, Rule 9(b) protects defendants from harm to their goodwill and reputation.
United States ex rel. Stinson, Lyons, Gerlin Bustamante, P.A. v. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Georgia, Inc., 755 F.Supp. 1055, 1056-57 (S.D.Ga. 1990). A court should hesitate to dismiss a complaint under Rule 9(b) if the court is satisfied (1) that the defendant has been made aware of the particular circumstances for which she will have to prepare a defense at trial, and (2) that plaintiff has substantial prediscovery evidence of those facts.Id. (footnote omitted; italics added).
With the above standards in mind, although it is a close case, I am satisfied that plaintiff has set forth, with the requisite particularity, the circumstances of the fraud alleged against Fewster. The "time" (i.e., during his employment as an attorney), "place" (i.e., the workplace), and the "contents" (i.e., implied representations that he would conduct himself in accordance with long-settled duties imposed on an attorney in safeguarding his client's confidences, including the client's trade secrets) of the fraudulent representations are adequately set forth under the circumstances of this case. In short, I am satisfied "(1) that the defendant has been made aware of the particular circumstances for which [he] will have to prepare a defense at trial, and (2) that plaintiff has substantial prediscovery evidence of those facts." Id.
IV.
For the reasons set forth above, the motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction shall be granted; the motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim shall be denied. An order follows.