Summary
In Dale, 227 Mich App at 69, this Court's analysis centered on the absence of a comma at the end of the last "injuries" clause: "Proper syntax provides that commas usually set off words, phrases, and other sentence elements that are parenthetical or independent."
Summary of this case from Redmond v. Spring Loaded I, LLCOpinion
Docket No. 186731.
Submitted December 17, 1996, at Detroit.
Decided December 16, 1997, at 9:10 A.M.
Mark Granzotto and Mayer B. Gordon, for the plaintiffs.
Anselmi, Mierzejewski Ledwidge, P.C. (by Kurt A. Anselmi), for the defendant.
Before: MACKENZIE, P.J., and HOOD, SAWYER, DOCTOROFF, GRIFFIN, BANDSTRA, and HOEKSTRA, JJ.
Pursuant to Administrative Order No. 1996-4, this special panel was convened to resolve the conflict between the prior vacated opinion in this case, Dale v Beta-C, Inc, 223 Mich. App. 802; 566 N.W.2d 640 (1997), and Skene v Fileccia, 213 Mich. App. 1; 539 N.W.2d 531 (1995). In accordance with Administrative Order 1996-4, the prior Dale panel was required to follow the precedent of Skene. Were it not for the precedential effect of the prior published decision, the prior Dale panel would have reversed the decision of the lower court.
MCR 7.215(H) is the successor to Administrative Order 1996-4 and its predecessors, Administrative Order No. 1994-4 and Administrative Order No. 1990-b.
Following an en banc order invoking the conflict resolution procedure, this case was reheard by this special panel. After due consideration, we reverse the decision of the circuit court, but on a ground different from that upon which either prior opinion relied.
Dale v Beta-C, Inc, 223 Mich. App. 801 (1997).
I
The present conflict arises out of contradictory interpretations of the Roller Skating Safety Act (RSSA), MCL 445.1721 et seq.; MSA 18.485(1) et seq., which provides in pertinent part:
Each roller skating center operator shall do all of the following:
* * *
(b) Comply with the safety standards specified in the roller skating rink safety standards published by the roller skating rink operators association, (1980).
(c) Maintain roller skating equipment and roller skating surfaces according to the safety standards cited in subdivision (b). [MCL 445.1723; MSA 18.485(3).]
Each person who participates in roller skating accepts the danger that inheres in that activity insofar as the dangers are obvious and necessary. Those dangers include, but are not limited to, injuries that result from collisions with other roller skaters or other spectators, injuries that result from falls, and injuries which involve objects or artificial structures properly within the intended travel of the roller skater which are not otherwise attributable to the operator's breach of his or her common law duties. [MCL 445.1725; MSA 18.485(5).]
A roller skater, spectator, or operator who violates this act shall be liable in a civil action for damages for that portion of the loss or damage resulting from the violation. [MCL 445.1726; MSA 18.485(6).]
Section 4 of the RSSA, not pertinent to the issue at hand, sets forth the responsibilities of each roller skater. See MCL 445.1724; MSA 18.485(4).
In Skene, the plaintiff fractured her wrist when she collided with another skater. The plaintiff brought an action for damages, alleging that the defendants (the other skater and the skating center) breached their duties under the RSSA and were liable. The trial court granted summary disposition in favor of the defendants on the basis that the plaintiff had assumed the risk of the dangers inherent in the sport of roller skating. On appeal, this Court affirmed the decision of the lower court, finding that
the statute is clear and unambiguous. By participating in the sport of roller-skating, plaintiff accepted the dangers that inhere in the sport insofar as they are obvious and necessary. MCL 445.1725; MSA 18.485(5). Specifically included within such dangers are "injuries that result from collisions with other roller skaters." Id. Because the act is clear and unambiguous, this Court must apply the act as written.. . . Here, plaintiff was injured from an obvious and necessary danger of roller-skating and may not recover damages. [ Skene, supra at 4.]
In so holding, the Skene Court compared the RSSA to the Ski Area Safety Act, MCL 408.321 et seq.; MSA 18.483(1) et seq., and concluded that the RSSA, like the Ski Area Safety Act, was "designed to cut down on the liability of owners and operators for injuries that result from the inherent dangers of the sports as opposed to the negligence of area operators." Skene, supra at 6. Relying on cases decided under the Ski Area Safety Act, the Skene Court concluded that § 5 of the RSSA, the assumption of risk clause, "renders the reasonableness of the roller-skaters' or the roller-skating rink operator's behavior irrelevant." Id. at 7. A contrary conclusion would, according to the Court, render § 5 "surplusage and nugatory." Id. at 5.
In a subsequent decision, Weisman v U S Blades, Inc, 217 Mich. App. 565; 552 N.W.2d 484 (1996), the plaintiff sought damages for injuries sustained when, after nearly colliding with another skater, he hit a tunnel wall while he was in-line skating at the defendant's rink. The trial court granted summary disposition for the defendant, and this Court affirmed. Citing Skene, the Court held that the near collision with another skater and the collision with the wall were obvious and necessary dangers of roller skating. However, in rejecting the plaintiff's additional argument that the defendant was liable under the RSSA because the wall of the tunnel was an artificial structure not properly within his travel, the Court did go beyond the holding of Skene to recognize that "[t]he Roller Skating Safety Act imposes liability for a violation of the act only if the damages result from the violation." Weisman, supra at 570. Because the plaintiff failed to allege specific facts and present evidence showing that his injuries resulted from the defendant's failure to comply with the act, the Court held that summary disposition was appropriate.
In the present case, plaintiff also seeks damages for injuries sustained in an accident at a roller-skating rink. However, the circumstances differ from those in Skene. Plaintiff Dale was roller-skating at defendant's rink when another skater cut across the rink in plaintiff's direction. Plaintiff attempted to stop by using the toe stopper on his right skate but received no reaction. Plaintiff then tried to change direction to avoid the other skater but collided with her, fell to the floor, and fractured his ankle. In his complaint, plaintiff alleges that defendant's alleged failure to supply or maintain a toe stopper on the rental skates is a breach of roller-skating rink standards and therefore constitutes a violation of subsections b and c of § 3 of the RSSA. The lower court granted summary disposition in favor of defendant pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) on the basis that plaintiff's collision and fall were an assumed risk and, therefore, a claim barred by operation of § 5 of the RSSA.
On appeal, the prior Dale panel concluded that genuine issues of material fact existed with respect to whether plaintiff's injuries were caused, at least in part, by the absence of toe stoppers on his rental skates. However, the panel was obligated to follow the precedentially binding Skene decision, which required affirmance. The prior Dale panel interpreted Skene's holding as follows:
[I]f injuries result from a collision with another roller skater or from a fall, the operator will not be liable, regardless of whether the operator complied with the safety standards as required under the act. Injuries from a fall, like injuries from collisions, are included in § 5. Therefore, the holding in Skene provides broad immunity for operators. For example, under the safety standards an operator is required to regularly check the mechanical condition of its rental skates and inspect the skating surfaces before each session. If an operator fails to inspect the floors, and a skater falls because of a dangerous condition on the floor surface, the operator will not be liable because the injury resulted from a fall. Similarly, if the operator fails to regularly check the rental skates and provides skates that are in poor mechanical condition, no liability will attach if the skater is injured by falling, even if the fall was directly caused by the mechanical condition of the skates. According to Skene, because a skater assumes the risk of injuries from falls under § 5, "the reasonableness of the roller-skating rink operator's behavior" is "irrelevant." Skene, supra at 7. [ Dale, supra at 803.]
The prior Dale panel opined that Skene's construction of the RSSA rendered § 6 nugatory. The Dale panel observed:
"The inclusion of this provision [§ 6] indicates that the Legislature did not intend for operators to be absolutely immune. . . . We cannot conceive any circumstances where an operator would be accountable to a skater for violating the statutory duty to maintain roller skating equipment and surfaces, § 3(c), if the operator's behavior is deemed 'irrelevant' when the violation results in injuries from a fall or a collision." [ Id. at 805.]
However, because it was bound to follow Skene, supra, the prior Dale panel reluctantly affirmed summary disposition in favor of defendant.
II
Resolution of the conflict that has arisen concerning the proper construction of the RSSA requires that we invoke the fundamental rule of statutory construction: to ascertain the purpose and intent of the Legislature. Farrington v Total Petroleum, Inc, 442 Mich. 201, 212; 501 N.W.2d 76 (1993). Once discovered, the Legislature's intent must prevail, any existing rule of construction to the contrary notwithstanding. In re Certified Question, 433 Mich. 710, 722; 449 N.W.2d 660 (1989). When ascertaining legislative intent, a court must examine the language of the statute itself. House Speaker v State Administrative Bd, 441 Mich. 547, 567; 495 N.W.2d 539 (1993). If the language is clear and unambiguous, judicial construction is neither required nor permitted, and a court must apply the statute as written. Turner v Auto Club Ins Ass'n, 448 Mich. 22, 27; 528 N.W.2d 681 (1995). However, if reasonable minds could differ regarding the meaning of a statute, judicial construction is appropriate. Dep't of Social Services v Brewer, 180 Mich. App. 82, 84; 446 N.W.2d 593 (1989). When construing a statute, a court should presume that every word has some meaning and should avoid a construction that renders a statute, or any part thereof, surplusage or nugatory. Frank v William A Kibbe Associates, Inc, 208 Mich. App. 346, 350-351; 527 N.W.2d 82 (1995).
The RSSA was enacted to address the concerns with the increasing frequency of lawsuits filed against skating rink operators and the corresponding rise in insurance premiums for such facilities. The roller rinks sought legislation "that would clarify that skaters have certain duties and must assume the risks inherent in the sport, while rinks have certain duties to observe safety standards." House Legislative Analysis, SB 134, November 29, 1988.
The Skene Court properly found that collisions among roller skaters are obvious and necessary dangers assumed by a roller skater pursuant to § 5 of the RSSA. The facts in Skene warranted the conclusion that the plaintiff's injuries were the result of an assumed risk inherent in the sport. However, although this result was appropriate in Skene, which involved a simple collision between roller skaters, we agree with the prior Dale panel that the Skene holding is overly broad and problematic when applied to more complicated circumstances such as the instant case, in which the plaintiff also alleges that defendant supplied defective skating equipment. As the prior Dale panel aptly noted, the effect of the Skene Court's conclusion that an operator's behavior is irrelevant if an injury occurs because of a collision
is to provide immunity to operators for virtually any suit brought by a skater. If the Legislature intended such a result, it would not have included the limiting language in § 5, would not have set forth the duties in § 3, and, would not have included in § 6, an "operator" among those who "shall be liable" for damages resulting from violations of the act. [ Dale, supra at 805.]
An integral feature of the RSSA is the balancing of risks assumed by the skater with the responsibilities of the operator. Section 3 of the RSSA expressly states that operators are liable for failure to "maintain roller skating equipment . . . according to the safety standards [published in 1980 by the Roller Skating Rink Operators Association]." Further, § 6 of the statute provides that an "operator who violates this act shall be liable in a civil action for damages for that portion of the loss or damage resulting from the violation." (Emphasis added.) Certainly, the inclusion of these sections in the statute indicates that the Legislature did not intend to provide absolute immunity to rink operators. However, the Skene Court found exactly that, thereby rendering § 3 and § 6 nugatory. We now overrule that portion of the Skene decision.
The standards provide in pertinent part that roller-skating supervisors must "[w]atch skates for bad stops, nails or other protrusions" and further require that "[s]kate rentals should be checked on a regular basis for good mechanical condition."
In order to preclude such an unintended result and to preserve the legislative purpose underlying the RSSA, the assumption of risk provision of § 5 must be read in conjunction with the duties of operators set forth in § 3 and the creation of civil liability for operators as set forth in § 6. Reconciliation of these provisions leads us to hold that a skater does not assume the risk of an operator violating the duties prescribed under the act. If a violation of § 3 of the RSSA is alleged and proved, then pursuant to § 6 the operator "who violates this act shall be liable in a civil action for damages for that portion of the loss or damage resulting from the violation." MCL 445.1726; MSA 18.485(6).
While we share the prior Dale panel's assessment of the flaws inherent in the Skene Court's construction of § 5, we conversely conclude that the Dale panel misconstrued the final phrase of § 5, which refers to an operator's breach of his common-law duties. The prior Dale panel questioned the analogy made in Skene to the Ski Area Safety Act and the resultant construction of § 5 of the RSSA. Noting that the Ski Area Safety Act, unlike the RSSA, does not contain a clause that limits the risks assumed by skiers, the prior Dale panel stated:
We are in general agreement with the prior Dale panel that although the Ski Area Safety Act served as a model for the RSSA, any analogy drawn between the two statutes must be viewed with caution and is not necessary under the present circumstances. The acts deal with two separate and distinct sports, obviously giving rise to different concerns, and the language and the structure of the statutes are dissimilar enough to warrant careful scrutiny before a comparison is made.
Section 22(1) of the Ski Area Safety Act, MCL 408.342(2); MSA 18.483(22)(2), provides:
Each person who participates in the sport of skiing accepts the dangers that inhere in that sport insofar as the dangers are obvious and necessary. Those dangers include, but are not limited to, injuries which can result from variations in terrain; surface or subsurface snow or ice conditions; bare spots; rocks, trees, and other forms of natural growth or debris; collisions with ski lift towers and their components, with other skiers, or with properly marked or plainly visible snow-making or snow-grooming equipment.
In quoting the pertinent provisions of the Roller Skating Safety Act, Skene omitted quoting and discussing a critical portion at the end of § 5, "which are not otherwise attributable to the operator's breach of his or her common law duties." This clause significantly limits the risks that skaters assume under the statute. Thus, a skater does not assume the risk of all collisions, falls, and so forth, but rather, only those that are "not otherwise attributable to the operator's breach of his or her common law duties." [ Dale, supra at 804 (emphasis added).]
The prior Dale panel apparently would hold that a participant accepts no risks if an operator in any way violates a common-law duty. In order to reach this conclusion, the prior Dale panel has read the limiting language in the last phrase of the second sentence of § 5, emphasized above, as modifying the entire content of § 5 and not just the risk ("injuries which involve objects or artificial structures . . .") that immediately precedes the phrase. This interpretation is not consonant with the syntax or the legislative history of § 5.
From a syntactical point of view, the first sentence of § 5 establishes that participants assume the risks of "obvious and necessary" dangers. The second sentence further defines (by way of example and not limitation) three types of dangers that are "obvious and necessary." These examples are separated by commas. Proper syntax provides that commas usually set off words, phrases, and other sentence elements that are parenthetical or independent. The punctuation in § 5 suggests that the three examples are independent of and do not modify each other. Moreover, it is a general rule of statutory, as well as grammatical, construction that a modifying clause is confined to the last antecedent unless a contrary intention appears. Weems v Chrysler Corp, 448 Mich. 679, 700; 533 N.W.2d 287 (1995); Kales v Oak Park, 315 Mich. 266; 23 N.W.2d 658 (1946). Applying the rule to this case, it is the third example only, "injuries which involve objects or artificial structures properly within the intended travel of the roller skater," that is modified by the limiting language of the final phrase. Thus, unlike our predecessor panel, we do not construe the last phrase of § 5 as broadly limiting the risks that a skater assumes under the statute. Instead, we hold that the only enumerated risk that is limited by an operator's breach of a common-law duty is for injuries "which involve objects or artificial structures properly within the intended travel of the roller skater."
A review of the legislative history indicates that as originally submitted, the RSSA did not contain the limiting phrase at the end of the second sentence in § 5. During the course of the hearing of the House Judiciary Committee regarding the bill, however, the limiting language was added to address concerns that § 5 seemed to provide an immunity to rink operators for injuries sustained as a result of objects not properly present on or about the physical premises (such as defects in the structure of the building). Consequently, as the House Legislative Analysis, SB 134, November 29, 1988, demonstrates:
The House Judiciary committee adopted amendments that, among other things . . . specified that the accepted dangers included injuries involving objects only to the extent that they were not otherwise attributable to the operator's breach of common law duties.
We, therefore, reiterate that pursuant to § 5, a participant assumes the risks of obvious and necessary dangers inherent in the sport of roller skating. However, the skater does not assume the risk of an operator violating the prescribed duties under the act. With the exception of injuries that involve objects or artificial structures properly within the intended travel of the roller skater, the skater's assumption of risk is neither limited nor nullified by an operator's breach of a common-law duty. Finally, a participant's sole recourse against a roller-skating rink operator is pursuant to the RSSA.
III
As noted above, plaintiff in the present case alleges that his injuries were caused by defendant's failure to provide a toe stopper on the rental skates in violation of subsections b and c of § 3 of the RSSA. Although the issue was not argued or addressed to the lower court, defendant's counsel conceded in oral argument before this Court that renting roller skates that do not have toe stoppers violates the safety standards published by the Roller Skating Rink Operators Association. See footnote 5, supra at ___, for the text of those standards. At this preliminary stage, however, it has not been admitted or established that the skates in question were missing toe stoppers. In light of our holding that an operator's compliance with § 3 of the statute is indeed a relevant consideration in assessing liability, we conclude that plaintiff, by his deposition testimony, has raised a genuine issue of material fact with respect to whether his injuries were caused, in whole or in part, by defendant's alleged violation of the RSSA. Radtke v Everett, 442 Mich. 368, 373; 501 N.W.2d 155 (1993). In addition, there are genuine issues of material fact regarding plaintiff's alleged comparative negligence. Therefore, we reverse the order granting summary judgment in favor of defendant and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.