Summary
holding that record supported determination that officer had reasonable suspicion that defendant was DWI in part because officer had received specialized training in detecting DWI
Summary of this case from Garcia v. StateOpinion
No. PD-1820-06.
October 31, 2007.
Appeal from the County Court, Lamar County, Deane A. Loughmiller, J.
Jeff Harrelson, Texarkana, TX, for Appellant.
Jeffrey L. Van Horn, S.P.A., Austin, Matthew Paul, State's Atty., Austin, for State.
HOLCOMB, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which KELLER, P.J., MEYERS, PRICE, WOMACK, JOHNSON, HERVEY, and COCHRAN, JJ., joined.
OPINION
In this case, we determine whether the court of appeals employed an incorrect standard for determining whether the officers had reasonable suspicion to stop appellant's vehicle.
Background
On the night of July 31, 2004, appellant Kyle David Curtis was driving on a four-lane highway in Paris, Texas, at about 1:00 a.m., when two state troopers observed his vehicle weaving in and out of his lane over a short distance. The officers stopped appellant, conducted field sobriety tests, and then arrested him for driving while intoxicated (DWI). Tex. Pen. Code § 49.04(a).
The record shows that the highway patrol trooper who stopped, tested, and later arrested appellant had graduated from the academy in April 2004 and was in the course of receiving on-the-job training. He was accompanied, however, by a field-training officer who had been a state trooper for 23 years and had specialized training in DWI.
As the defense elicited from the officers at the suppression hearing, appellant's vehicle weaved twice across "the inside fog lane" and once "across the broken lane divider line," all in the span of "several hundred yards as opposed to, let's say, a quarter of a mile or so." The arresting officer defined a "fog line" as "the white line and then the improved shoulder begins. It's the two white lines running — you have a solid white line, the broken lane divider line and then another fog line." He defined "the inside fog line" as the one appearing on the left-hand side and, in this case, the one towards the median, if one were looking straight down the road.
On June 14, 2005, the trial on the merits took place and the jury found appellant guilty. The punishment phase followed, on the same day, whereupon the State read the enhancement paragraph of the information, see Tex. Pen. Code § 49.09(a), and presented evidence of appellant's prior DWI conviction in September, 1999. The jury then assessed appellant's punishment at 90 days in the county jail and a fine of $2500.
On direct appeal, appellant raised four points of error, only the first of which was addressed by the court of appeals and is the subject of our present review — that the trial court erred in admitting, over appellant's timely motion to suppress evidence and trial objections, evidence gained when the officers "illegally stopped [appellant's] vehicle without a warrant, probable cause, or reasonable suspicion." In response, the State argued that the stop was legal because the officers: (1) observed appellant commit a traffic offense, and (2) had reasonable suspicion to stop appellant's vehicle. The court of appeals disagreed with the State in both these arguments and reversed applicant's conviction, declining to address his other points of error because the answer to his first point of error had been dispositive. Curtis v. State, 209 S.W.3d 688, 695 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2006). The State petitioned this Court for discretionary review, expressly abandoning the first argument that it had presented to the court of appeals. Thus, its sole contention before this Court is that the officers had reasonable suspicion to stop appellant's vehicle and that the court of appeals applied an improper standard in determining whether the officers' suspicion was reasonable.
Discussion
The State argues that the court of appeals' reasonable-suspicion inquiry "boils down" to the following paragraph from its opinion:
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, addressing an officer's stop of a weaving driver under the community caretaking function, has noted that, "[g]iven the frequency with which the average driver occasionally strays over the side stripe of the road, we have difficulty even characterizing this behavior as `distress.'" [ Corbin v. State, 85 S.W.3d 272, 277 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002).] "We cannot turn a blind eye to common sense and experience. There are myriad reasons why the wheels of a vehicle might drift slightly across a lane marker a single time." [ Hernandez v. State, 983 S.W.2d 867, 870 (Tex.App.-Austin 1998).] Trooper Anderson [the arresting officer] testified that there are numerous reasons why a person might swerve or weave, including diabetic coma, fatigue, switching the radio channel, or dropping a sandwich onto the floorboard. Nothing suggests why intoxication should be suspected over any other possible reason for [appellant's] weaving. (Emphasis added.)
State's Brief at 5 (emphasis in original) (quoting Curtis, 209 S.W.3d at 695).
The State argues that "the crucial factor" in the court of appeals' analysis seems to be that there could have been a number of "non-intoxication-related" reasons for the driver's weaving and that the State had failed to show "why intoxication should be suspected over other possible reasons for [appellant's] weaving." State's Brief at 5 (emphasis in original) (quoting Curtis, 209 S.W.3d at 695). In other words, the State continues, the court of appeals held that the State failed to establish reasonable suspicion because it "did not show that intoxication (i.e., criminal behavior) was the most likely explanation for appellant's weaving." Id. (emphasis in original). The State contends that this is precisely the standard that we rejected in Woods v. State, 956 S.W.2d 33 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997).
We agree. In Woods, we carefully documented the rise and fall of the so-called "as consistent with innocent activity as with criminal activity" test that the court of appeals applied in the present case when it concluded that "Nothing suggests why intoxication should be suspected over any other possible reason for [appellant's] weaving." Curtis, 209 S.W.3d at 695. We noted that the California court which had originally created this test eventually repudiated it, and quoted that court's explanation for the repudiation:
We note that the court of appeals' reliance on Corbin, as shown in the above-quoted passage, was misplaced inasmuch as Corbin was a community-caretaking-function case and, as the court of appeals itself noted in its opinion, "the State has not attempted — at trial or on appeal — to justify the stop based on the community caretaking exception." Curtis, 209 S.W.3d at 692. Corbin is, therefore, inapplicable to the present case.
Woods, 956 S.W.2d at 35-38.
Reconsidering the matter, we are of the view that the [ Irwin v. Superior Court of Los Angeles County, 1 Cal.3d 423, 82 Cal.Rptr. 484, 462 P.2d 12 (Cal. 1969)] dictum cannot be squared with the rule that a reasonable suspicion of involvement in criminal activity will justify a temporary stop or detention. Under that standard, if circumstances are "consistent with criminal activity," they permit — even demand — an investigation: the public rightfully expects a police officer to inquire into such circumstances "in the proper discharge of the officer's duties." No reason appears for a contrary result simply because the circumstances are also "consistent with lawful activity," as may often be the case. The possibility of an innocent explanation does not deprive the officer of the capacity to entertain reasonable suspicion of criminal conduct. Indeed, the principal function of his investigation is to resolve that very ambiguity and establish whether the activity is in fact legal or illegal — to "enable the police to quickly determine whether they should allow the suspect to go about his business or hold him to answer charges." The citizen's undoubted interest in freedom from abuse of this procedure is protected — so far as it is in the law's power to do so — by the correlative rule that no stop or detention is permissible when the circumstances are not reasonably "consistent with criminal activity" and the investigation is therefore based on mere curiosity, rumor or hunch. Because the Irwin dictum is thus in conflict with the settled standards for dealing with this sensitive problem, it is disapproved. (emphasis added) (citations omitted).
Woods, 956 S.W.2d at 37 (quoting In re Tony C., 21 Cal.3d 888, 148 Cal.Rptr. 366, 582 P.2d 957, 960-61 (1978)). We agreed with this reasoning and found it "[e]ven more compelling" to follow in light of the United States Supreme Court's discussions of the "as consistent with innocent activity as with criminal activity" test in U.S. v. Cortex, 449 U.S. 411, 101 S.Ct. 690, 66 L.Ed.2d 621 (1981), and U.S. v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 109 S.Ct. 1581, 104 L.Ed.2d 1 (1989). Woods, 956 S.W.2d at 37. We, therefore, held that "the `as consistent with innocent activity as with criminal activity' construct [was] no longer a viable test for determining reasonable suspicion." Id. at 38. In short, the court of appeals, in the present case, erred insofar as it relied on a test that we had expressly invalidated in Woods.
Appellant, however, disputes the State's contention that the court of appeals relied on that test to reach its decision. On the contrary, he argues, the court of appeals followed Woods. He notes that the standard for determining reasonable suspicion, under Woods, requires an examination of "the totality of circumstances." Appellant's Brief at 4. He then quotes from the court of appeals' opinion that: "`[t]he officers stopped [appellant] without a warrant, so the State bore the burden at the suppression hearing of demonstrating that the stop was reasonable within the totality of the circumstances.'" Id. (emphasis in original) (quoting Curtis, 209 S.W.3d at 691). He asserts that "[t]his is convincing evidence that the Court of Appeals recognized the proper standard of review as set forth in Woods v. State." Id.
We agree that the court of appeals recognized the correct standard, but it appears that it did not actually apply that standard in this case. For example, the phrase "totality of circumstances" does not even appear in that court's discussion of whether appellant's stop was based on reasonable suspicion that he was intoxicated, see Curtis, 209 S.W.3d at 694-95, which is the subject of our present review; nor does the court otherwise indicate the examination of such circumstances. The court merely noted that "neither officer testified that anything, other than the weaving itself, led him to suspect intoxication." Id. at 695. In so noting, however, the court of appeals failed to take into account other parts of the officers' testimony. For instance, the arresting officer testified that: (1) it was approximately one o'clock in the morning; (2) he had received specialized training in detecting DWIs; (3) it was part of his training that a driver's weaving in and out of a lane was a possible indication that the driver was intoxicated; and (4) appellant weaved at least three times out of his lane over a relatively short distance of a few hundred yards.
It should be noted that the court of appeals' analysis focused only on the evidence produced before the trial court at the suppression hearing, and not the evidence introduced at the trial on the merits, since appellant's first point of error questioned the correctness of the trial court's ruling on that motion to suppress. Accordingly, all references to "testimony" are to the testimony produced at the suppression hearing.
Similarly, the court of appeals also failed to consider that, while the arresting officer might have been relatively new at the job, he was accompanied by a field-training officer with extensive experience. According to that officer's testimony: (1) he had been a state trooper for over 23 years; (2) he was "certified in different ways" to detect intoxicated drivers; (3) he, like the arresting officer, was also trained to consider weaving as a possible sign of intoxicated driving; and (4) appellant's vehicle had been "doing a considerable amount of weaving" in and out of his lane that night.
In Woods, we stated that "there may be instances when a person's conduct[,] viewed in a vacuum, appears purely innocent, yet when viewed in light of the totality of the circumstances, those actions give rise to reasonable suspicion." 956 S.W.2d at 38 (emphasis added). We illustrated this point by referring to the facts of Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968):
In Terry, the officer observed two men standing about three hundred feet away from him. One of the men left the other one and walked south past some stores. He paused for a moment and looked in a store window, then walked on a short distance, turned around and walked back toward the corner, pausing once again to look in the same store window. He rejoined his companion at the corner, and the two conferred briefly. The second man went through the same series of motions. As described, there is nothing illegal about the conduct of these two men. Window shopping is neither a crime, nor is it ordinarily suspicious behavior. But, this particular activity was repeated by the two men approximately one dozen times over a twelve minute period. Also, at one point, while the two men were standing together on the corner, a third man approached them and engaged them briefly in conversation. After the third man left, the two resumed their pacing and peering. These facts, viewed in light of the officer's thirty years of experience patrolling an area often the victim of shoplifters and pickpockets, gave rise to enough suspicion to justify a detention. Yet, under the "as consistent with innocent activity" construct, the detention might not have withstood constitutional scrutiny.
Woods, 956 S.W.2d at 38 (emphasis added). We, therefore, held that
the reasonableness of a temporary detention must be examined in terms of the totality of the circumstances and will be justified when the detaining officer has specific articulable facts, which taken together with rational inferences from those facts, lead him to conclude that the person detained actually is, has been, or soon will be engaged in criminal activity.
Id. (emphasis added).
In the present case, the court of appeals failed to consider either the lateness of the hour or the field-training officer's experience specifically in detecting intoxicated drivers. The court also failed to consider the "rational inferences," under Woods, from the facts articulated by the officers. The officers testified that they observed appellant's car weaving in and out of his lane several times, over a short distance, late at night. A "rational inference" from these facts could be that the driver was intoxicated. When viewed in light of the training officer's extensive experience in detecting intoxicated drivers, coupled with both officers' training to use the driver's weaving specifically as an indication of intoxicated driving, the trial court could have reasonably concluded that the articulated facts gave rise to enough suspicion to justify at least an investigation. Hence, the court of appeals erred in concluding that the trial court abused its discretion in overruling appellant's motion to suppress. Curtis, 209 S.W.3d at 695.
Conclusion
We hold that the court of appeals applied an incorrect standard to determine whether the officers had reasonable suspicion to stop appellant's vehicle. We, therefore, reverse the judgment of that court and remand the case to it in order to address appellant's remaining points of error.
KEASLER, J. concurred.