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holding that because matters outside the pleadings were presented that created a material factual dispute, the district court should have allowed the parties to engage in discovery before converting a motion to dismiss into a summary judgment motion
Summary of this case from Henry v. Bos. Hannah Chi., LLCOpinion
No. 01-1119.
Argued September 5, 2001.
Decided October 22, 2001.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Nothern District of Illinois, Williams J. Hibbler, J.
Donald G. Weiland (argued), Chicago, IL, for Plaintiff-Appellant.
Sheryl C. Allenson, Audrey J. Folloder (argued), Fagelhaber, Chicago, IL, for Defendant-Appellee.
Before: FLAUM, Chief Judge, and POSNER, and RIPPLE, Circuit Judges.
Marshall Covington appeals the district court's decision which dismisses his lawsuit against the appellee. For the reasons stated herein, we reverse the decision of the district court and remand this case for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
I. BACKGROUND
Marshall Covington ("Covington") was employed as a security guard for Illinois Security Service, Incorporated ("ISS"). After he allegedly had been found sleeping on the job, ISS terminated Covington. On May 24, 1999, Covington filed a charge against ISS with the EEOC, claiming that he had been subjected to racial slurs while on the job and that his discharge had been racially motivated.
After an EEOC mediation process failed to resolve the matter, Covington was verbally informed by an EEOC investigator that his charge would likely be dismissed and that he would receive a Right to Sue letter in short order. Covington was also informed that he would have ninety days from the receipt of the Right to Sue letter to file suit against ISS. On October 20, 1999, the EEOC sent Covington a letter, via certified mail, dismissing his charge. In that letter, the EEOC informed Covington that he would have ninety days to file a lawsuit against ISS. A copy of Covington's Right to Sue letter was received by ISS on October 22, 1999.
This appeal centers around the Right-to-Sue letter which was sent to Covington via certified mail. The postal service unsuccessfully attempted to deliver that letter to Covington's address. Covington asserts that he received no notice that the postal service had attempted delivery. According to postal procedures, when a recipient is not present to sign for a certified piece of mail, notice is left at the recipient's address, informing him that the letter is being held at the post office. After five days, a second notice is left at the recipient's address, and ten days after that, if the letter has not been picked up by the recipient, it is returned to the sender. Covington's Right to Sue letter remained unclaimed and was eventually returned to the EEOC on December 27, 1999. The following day, the EEOC sent Covington a copy of the letter via first class mail. Covington acknowledges that he received the first class letter on January 4, 2000. The first class letter received by Covington was stamped with the following notation: "Received EEOC Dec. 27, 1999 Chicago District Office." On March 31, 2000, eighty-seven days after he had received the first class letter from the EEOC, Covington filed suit against ISS, alleging that he was discharged in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.
ISS filed a motion to dismiss Covington's complaint as untimely, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). In response to ISS's motion, Covington filed a brief stating that he had acted diligently in bringing his lawsuit. In support of this responsive pleading, Covington attached an affidavit in which he swore that he "first received notice of the Right-to-Sue letter by regular mail on or about January 4, 2000," and that he "was never told by anyone at the EEOC or by Defendant that service had been previously attempted." See Covington Affidavit ¶¶ 8, 13.
The district court granted ISS's motion to dismiss and concluded that Covington had been negligent in his failure to retrieve his certified letter from the post office.
II. DISCUSSION
When a district court is presented with a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss a plaintiff's complaint, "if . . . matters outside the pleading are presented to and not excluded by the court, the motion shall be treated as one for summary judgment and disposed of as provided in Rule 56, and all parties shall be given reasonable opportunity to present all material made pertinent to such a motion by Rule 56." Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b).
In dismissing Covington's case, the district court concluded that Covington had been negligent in his "failure . . . to pick up his certified mail," and, as a result of his negligence, he should be barred from proceeding with his lawsuit. Whether Covington was negligent in retrieving his certified letter from the EEOC involves a factual inquiry that extends beyond the four corners of the pleadings and is within the province of Rule 56. The district court, however, did not treat ISS's motion as one for summary judgment. It did not allow the parties to engage in discovery and did not extend the appropriate deference to the nonmoving party. Instead, while making factual determinations about Covington's conduct, the district court chose, without comment, to give more credence to the ISS version of the events and to disregard those contained in Covington's affidavit.
The need for fuller explanation of the district court's rationale is particularly acute in light of the standard under Rule 56, which requires courts to construe facts and make inferences from those facts in favor of the nonmoving party. See, e.g., Central States, Southeast Southwest Areas Pension Fund v. Fulkerson, 238 F.3d 891, 894 (7th Cir. 2001).
Although we have at times allowed the conversion of a motion to dismiss into one for summary judgment to be implicit, "reversal of such a ruling may become necessary if the district court has not provided the adversely affected party with notice and an opportunity to respond." Alioto v. Marshall Field Co., et al., 77 F.3d 934, 936 (7th Cir. 1996). Particularly in this case, where Covington's affidavit creates a material factual dispute over his alleged negligence in retrieving his certified mail, the district court should permit the parties to engage in discovery before converting (for all intents and purposes) a motion to dismiss into one for summary judgment. Furthermore, considering the deferential standard governing summary judgment, the district court should supply some rationale as to why it disregarded Covington's affidavit in favor of the ISS version of the events.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated herein, we REVERSE the decision of the district court and REMAND this case for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.