Summary
In Corona v. Southern Guaranty Ins. Co., 294 Ala. 184, 314 So.2d 61 (1975), this Court held that under Rule 10(a), A.R. Civ.P., the caption of the complaint and not the body establishes those parties who are before the court.
Summary of this case from Shelton v. ThompsonOpinion
SC 1083.
May 29, 1975.
Appeal from the Circuit Court, Jefferson County, Thomas E. Huey, J.
Cooper, Mitch Crawford, and John C. Falkenberry, Birmingham, for appellant.
The purpose of Rule 13 is to avoid circuity of actions, and to require assertion as counterclaims those claims which are likely to turn on the same facts as the original claim. Diamond v. Terminal Railway Alabama State Docks, 5 Cir., 421 F.2d 228; Committee Comments, Rule 13, Ala. Rules of Civil Procedure; 6 Wright Miller, Federal Practice § 1410 (1971). A counterclaim is compulsory if there is any logical relation of any sort between the original claim and the counterclaim. Revere Cooper Brass, Inc. v. Aetna Cas. Surety Co., 426 F.2d 709 (5th Cir. 1970); 3 Moore's Federal Practice ¶ 13.13. Rule 13(a) is applicable to actions involving subrogated insurance carriers. General Cas. Co. v. Fedoff, 11 F.R.D. 177 (S.D.N Y 1951). To disallow a Rule 13 counterclaim is to frustrate the intended purpose of the Alabama Rules of Civil Procedure.
Rives, Peterson, Pettus, Conway Burge, Birmingham, for appellee.
Title 7, Section 754, 1940 Code of Alabama. A final judgment in the lower court is necessary in order to give jurisdiction on appeal to the Supreme Court and, in the absence of such a final judgment, the appeal will be dismissed by the Supreme Court ex mero motu. Title 7, Section 754, 1940 Code of Alabama, supra; Bradford v. Engelhardt, 276 Ala. 201, 160 So.2d 485; Mason v. McClain, 271 Ala. 93, 122 So.2d 519. The sustaining of motion to strike defendant's counterclaim is not a final judgment which puts an end to the case so as to support an appeal to the Supreme Court. Title 7, Section 754, Code of Ala. 1940, supra; Box v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 232 Ala. 1, 168 So. 216; Bradford v. Engelhardt, supra; Mason v. McClain, supra. Where multiple claims are involved and the trial court making no expressed determination that there is no just reason for delay and no expressed direction for the entry of judgment, there is no final judgment from which an appeal will lie and, therefore, an appeal must be dismissed. Ala. Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 54(b); Cates et al. v. Bush, 293 Ala. 534, 307 So.2d 6. A counterclaim cannot be filed under Alabama Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 13(a), against one who is not a party to the original complaint. Ala. Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 13(a). It is necessary that one be an opposing party plaintiff in the action before a counterclaim may be had by a defendant in the action. Ala. Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 13(a).
This appeal is from an "ORDER ON MOTION TO STRIKE COUNTERCLAIM." The counterclaim was filed by defendant Corona against Oliver Milton Ragsdale, the nonparty subrogor of plaintiff Southern Guaranty Insurance Company, Inc. The action was brought by Southern Guaranty against Corona for the negligence of Corona resulting in damage to the Ragsdale automobile. The complaint was captioned:
"SOUTHERN GUARANTY INSURANCE COMPANY, INC. a Corporation, as subrogee of Oliver Milton Ragsdale
Plaintiff
vs
MICHAEL B. CORONA
Defendant"
Corona answered by general denial, alleged contributory negligence on the part of Ragsdale, and counterclaimed against Ragsdale.
Ragsdale moved to strike the counterclaim on the grounds that he was not a party plaintiff and the court had no jurisdiction over him. The motion to strike the counterclaim was granted without opinion by the trial court.
Southern Guaranty has filed a motion to dismiss this appeal, together with an amendment to it, contending that the order granting the motion to strike the counterclaim is not appealable. Before dealing with the motion to dismiss the appeal we will first discuss the merits of the case. See Gillespie v. United States Steel Corp., 321 F.2d 518 (6th Cir. 1963) (preferring decision on the merits).
ARCP 10(a) requires that in a complaint the title shall include the names of all the parties. ARCP 17(a) states:
"In subrogation cases, regardless of whether subrogation has occurred by operation of law, assignment, loan receipt, or otherwise, if the subrogor no longer has a pecuniary interest in the claim, the action shall be brought in the name of the subrogee. If the subrogor still has a pecuniary interest in the claim, the action shall be brought in the names of the subrogor and the subrogee."
The obvious intent of 17(a) is twofold. First it seeks to avoid confusion over who are parties plaintiff. Secondly it allows the title of the complaint to affirmatively indicate that the subrogor no longer has any pecuniary interest in the claim and therefore none in the outcome of the litigation. In short, it allows a short and plain statement of the claim showing who is entitled to relief when subrogation has occurred. ARCP 8(a).
Reading the caption of the complaint shows its conformity to ARCP 17(a). The title of the complaint clearly shows that the subrogor no longer has any pecuniary interest in the claim when the qualifying phrase "* * * as subrogee * * *" is used. This demonstrates beyond doubt that Ragsdale is not a party plaintiff. Appellant's apparent confusion in this regard derives from the body of the complaint which does speak in terms that could indicate Ragsdale to be a party plaintiff. However, as ARCP 10(a) indicates, it is the title of the complaint and not the body that establishes those parties who are before the court as litigants.
It follows from ARCP 13(a) that assertion of a counterclaim against Ragsdale was impermissible and properly stricken.
"Under both subdivisions (a) and (b) of Rule 13, a counterclaim may be asserted only against an 'opposing party.' * * * The traditional principle appears to be that unless a person has submitted himself to the jurisdiction of the court in a capacity by making a claim in that capacity, then he is not an 'opposing party' such that a compulsory counterclaim must and a permissive counterclaim may be entered against him in that capacity. * * *" 3 Moore's Federal Practice, ¶ 13.06[1]. See also Annot. 1 A.L.R. Fed. 812.
In making this determination we have not overlooked the cases of Bowen v. Snell, 9 Ala. 481 (1846) and 11 Ala. 379 (1847), and Hooper v. Armstrong, 69 Ala. 343, cited by appellant in brief. Those cases allowed a setoff to be pleaded against one not a party where that person had a real beneficial interest in plaintiff's claim. Suffice it to say that ARCP 17(a) commands that one with a pecuniary interest be made a party to the action so that a counterclaim could be asserted against him. The title of the complaint in this case shows that Ragsdale had no such interest.
The foregoing notwithstanding, we have before us a motion to dismiss the appeal contending that the order striking the counterclaim is not appealable since it is not a final judgment.
It has been held that such an order is a final judgment from which an appeal will lie. "We think that the effect of this rule [FRCP 41(b)] is to render a dismissal of the counterclaim an adjudication on the merits, * * *." Jefferson Electric Co. v. Sola Electric Co., 122 F.2d 124 (7th Cir. 1941) and 125 F.2d 322 (7th Cir. 1941), rev'd on other grounds, 317 U.S. 173, 63 S.Ct. 172, 87 L.Ed. 165. However,
"* * * It is true that earlier Jefferson Electric Co. v. Sola Electric Co., 7 Cir., 122 F.2d 124, had held dismissal of such a counterclaim to be a final order; but * * * the court appears to have been misled by the effect of Federal Rule 41(b, c), making such a dismissal an adjudication upon the merits. It did not cite the more pertinent and decisive rule, 54(b). * * *" Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co. v. Sylvania Industrial Corp., 154 F.2d 814 (2d Cir. 1946). See also Winsor v. Daumit, 179 F.2d 475 (7th Cir. 1950) (explaining Sola decision).
ARCP 54(b) states:
"When more than one claim for relief is presented in an action, whether as a claim, counterclaim, cross-claim or third-party claim, * * * the court may direct the entry of a final judgment as to one or more but fewer than all of the claims or parties only upon an express determination that there is no just reason for delay and upon an express direction for the entry of judgment. In the absence of such determination and direction, any order or other form of decision, however designated, which adjudicates fewer than all the claims or the rights and liabilities of fewer than all the parties shall not terminate the action as to any of the claims or parties, and the order or other form of decision is subject to revision at any time before the entry of judgment adjudicating all the claims and the rights and liabilities of all the parties."
The trial court in this case did not find there was no just reason for delay and expressly direct entry of judgment. Until there is final adjudication on the complaint and answer, the court could revise its order striking the counterclaim. There is, therefore, no final judgment from which an appeal will lie. Ala. Code, Tit. 7, § 754; Cates v. Bush, Ala., 307 So.2d 6; Bush v. United Benefit Fire Insurance Co., 311 F.2d 893 (5th Cir. 1963); Shwab v. Doelz, 229 F.2d 749 (7th Cir. 1956); Wright Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure, § 1408. See also Clark v. Taylor, 163 F.2d 940 (2d Cir. 1947) Frank J., dissenting (discussion of fragmentary appeals); Audi Vision Inc. v. RCA Mfg. Co., 136 F.2d 621 (2d Cir. 1943) (discussion of Rule 54(b)); Annot. 38 A.L.R.2d 356. Furthermore
"It is clear that the order appealed from did not terminate the action between the parties to the proposed counterclaim, but merely denied appellant the right to assert it in the interpleader action. * * * The very fact that appellant could * * * commence a separate action in another forum demonstrates conclusively that there has been no decision on the merits. * * *
* * * * * *
"However, assuming arguendo, that the order is a final decision, we agree with the court below that plaintiffs are not 'opposing parties' within the meaning of Rule 13. We think the rule, by its express terms, means that an 'opposing party' must be one who asserts a claim against the prospective counter-claimant in the first instance. The very concept of a counterclaim presupposes the existence or assertion of a claim against the party filing it. * * *" First National Bank in Dodge City v. Johnson County National Bank and Trust Co., 331 F.2d 325 (10th Cir. 1964).
In this case the order striking the counterclaim merely denied appellant the right to assert his claim in this action. That order is revisable at any time prior to final adjudication on the other claims. Motion to dismiss this appeal is granted.
Appeal dismissed.
HEFLIN, C. J., and BLOODWORTH, FAULKNER and ALMON, JJ., concur.