Opinion
No. 31920.
March 9, 1936.
1. BURGLARY.
Indictment for burglary must allege ownership of building burglarized.
2. BURGLARY.
Ownership of building burglarized must be proved as alleged in indictment for burglary.
3. BURGLARY.
Indictment for burglary must describe property burglarized.
4. INDICTMENT AND INFORMATION.
Indictment for burglary may be amended to show ownership of building burglarized.
5. INDICTMENT AND INFORMATION.
Conviction cannot be sustained, unless indictment is in conformity with law, purpose of which is to enable defendant to make defense of former acquittal or conviction on record in subsequent trial for same offense (Const. 1890, section 26).
6. BURGLARY.
Indictment for burglary must allege ownership of property burglarized as of time of burglary.
7. DESCENT AND DISTRIBUTION. Wills.
Property passes from owner when he dies and vests immediately in his heirs or those who take under his will, if any.
8. BURGLARY.
While possession of burglarized property may support proof of ownership thereof in burglary trial, possession must be alleged and proved as it existed at time of burglary.
9. WITNESSES.
Examination of defendant, in burglary trial, as to his convictions of other offenses, should have been limited to fact of such convictions without going into detail.
APPEAL from the circuit court of Warren county. HON.E.L. BRIEN, Judge.
Canizaro Canizaro, of Vicksburg, for appellant
The proof shows that M.F. Farris, the owner of the building burglarized as charged in the indictment, died on April 15, 1935, ten days before the burglary and nearly three months before the indictment was returned.
Clearly there is a variance when the indictment charges ownership of the property burglarized in M.F. Farris, and the proof shows that M.F. Farris was not the owner of the store building burglarized.
Indictment charging burglary must allege ownership of building burglarized, and such ownership must be proved as alleged.
Nichols v. State, 164 Miss. 158, 144 So. 374.
A material variance between the allegation and the proof with respect to the ownership of the premises is fatal and entitles defendant to an acquittal.
Wright v. State, 130 Miss. 603, 94 So. 716; 9 C.J. 1061, sec. 114.
In burglary prosecution, admitting evidence of defendant's admissions regarding committing other crimes, held prejudicial error.
McLin v. State, 116 So. 533; Baygents v. State, 144 Miss. 442, 110 So. 114; Floyd v. State, 166 Miss. 16, 148 So. 226; Slaydon v. State, 102 Miss. 112; Collier v. State, 106 Miss. 613; Hurd v. State, 102 So. 293, 137 Miss. 178; 16 C.J. 583-586, sec. 1132; Lawson v. State, 161 Miss. 719, 138 So. 361.
The property alleged to have been stolen by the defendant was not sufficiently identified, and, in fact, the same was not identified at all, and the evidence is failing in every respect to show that the articles introduced in evidence were taken from the store claimed to be burglarized.
Jackson v. State, 118 Miss. 602, 79 So. 809.
To sustain a conviction the property must be sufficiently identified as that stolen at the time of the burglary.
9 C.J. 1081, sec. 141; Green v. State, 31 S.W. 386.
W.D. Conn, Jr., Assistant Attorney-General for the state.
Variance as to the ownership of property burglarized is an amendable defect and cannot be availed of after verdict.
Foster v. State, 52 Miss. 695; Collier v. State, 154 Miss. 446, 122 So. 538; Osser v. State, 165 Miss. 680, 145 So. 754; Knight v. State, 64 Miss. 802, 2 So. 252; Davis v. State, 150 Miss. 797, 117 So. 116.
It is said that the district attorney overstepped the bounds in his cross-examination of the defendant with reference to former convictions. Considering what is shown in the light of the decisions of this court in Roney v. State, 167 Miss. 532, 142 So. 475, and Baygents v. State, 154 Miss. 36, 122 So. 187, the state submits that it should not work a reversal of the conviction, even if it should be held erroneous.
The goods found, according to the testimony of F.M. Farris, were the same in kind, quantity and stamp as the goods stolen. This, taken in connection with the testimony which shows that, shortly after the burglary the defendant was disposing of these goods at "cut-rate" prices, and giving false explanations as to his possession, seems sufficient to distinguish this case from Jackson v. State, 118 Miss. 602, 79 So. 809, relied on by appellant here, and such evidence is, we submit, sufficient to require submission to the jury. Under such circumstances he would not have been entitled to a peremptory instruction.
The fact that defendant was not represented by counsel does not make the rules any different so far as this court is concerned in reviewing this conviction.
Dugan v. State, 151 Miss. 781, 119 So. 298.
The appellant was indicted and convicted in the circuit court of Warren county of burglary, sentenced to serve a term of four years in the State Penitentiary, and from this conviction he appeals here.
The indictment which alleged that the burglary occurred on July 2, 1935, and the proof shows that it occurred on April 24th or the morning of April 25th, also alleged that appellant burglarized the store building of one M.F. Farris, taking away various items of merchandise thus charging ownership of the building in M.F. Farris.
It appeared from proof on the part of the state that said M.F. Farris died on April 15, 1935, nine or ten days prior to the alleged burglary, and there was no other proof of ownership or possession of the building burglarized as laid in the indictment.
The appellant was not represented by counsel at the trial, but testified in his own behalf, and denied any connection with said burglary. On cross-examination, over his objection, he was asked as to former convictions of crime, and, among other things, answered as follows:
"Q. Have you ever been convicted of any crime before? A. Breaking in a store.
"Q. At any time have you ever served on Ballground? A. Yes sir.
"Q. What for? A. Different things.
"Q. Let's have a few of them. How many times have you been there? A. What has that to do with this case?
"Q. The judge will tell you about that.
"By the court: You have to answer the question. A. Yes sir.
"Q. What were you sent there for? A. Robbery.
"Q. How many times have you been sent there for robbery? A. One. . . .
"Q. And you were convicted once of robbery and another time for stealing automobile tires? A. Yes sir, and a lot of things.
"By the court: Do you want to say anything else? A. I want to know if they are trying me for something I have been convicted for?
"By the court: That is a competent question, to ask a witness whether or not he has been convicted. That is a competent question. That goes to the question of veracity and truth.
"By the defendant: You mean they find me guilty on my record?
"By the court: No, but it is in the province of the jury to consider that in bringing in a verdict. That is the reason it is competent. A. All I can say is that I was framed in this case. I am not guilty of it, and that is all."
An indictment charging burglary must allege ownership of the building burglarized, and such ownership must be proved as alleged. Wright v. State, 130 Miss. 603, 94 So. 716; Nichols v. State, 164 Miss. 158, 144 So. 374; and Davis v. State, 150 Miss. 797, 117 So. 116, in which it was held that while an indictment might be amended, it could only be done by spreading the amendment upon the minutes of the court. In that case the defendant was accused of killing "Ernest Jones" by the indictment, and the proof showed that "Man J." was killed instead of Ernest Jones, and, among other things, the court there said that: "In order to preserve the identity of the offense, it is necessary and proper to amend the indictment so as to charge that `Man' Jones was killed instead of `Ernest' Jones; and the amendment to the indictment was permissible under the statute quoted, supra, as the offense is identical. However, section 1330, Hemingway's 1927 Code (section 1509, Code of 1906) is in the following language: `The order of the court for such amendment shall be entered on the minutes, and shall specify precisely the amendment, and shall be a part of the record of said case, and shall have the same effect as if the indictment or other proceeding were actually changed to conform to the amendment; and wherever necessary or proper for the guidance of the jury, or otherwise, the clerk shall attach to the indictment a copy of the order for amendment.' . . . The indictment and judgment show a conviction for the murder of Ernest Jones, when, as a matter of fact, the proof shows that Ernest Jones was not the man killed. The secret indictment record and judgment of the court would not show this unauthorized alteration of the indictment by the district attorney, and the object of section 1330 is to make a record showing of the amendments which are permitted under the statute to cure variances. True it is that the evidence shows that `Man' Jones was killed, but the indictment and judgment would not disclose that Manuel Davis, the defendant, was convicted of murder of `Man' Jones, but it would disclose that the indictment and judgment were for the murder of `Ernest' Jones. If the order had been entered on the minutes, then the record would have disclosed the identity of person and of offense. Therefore, under the decisions of Clark v. State, 100 Miss. 751, 57 So. 209, 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 187, Ann. Cas. 1914A, 463, and Shurley v. State, supra [ 90 Miss. 415, 43 So. 299], this case must be reversed, and the cause remanded for another trial."
The description of the property burglarized being an essential element, it must be alleged in the indictment. Of course, the indictment could be amended so as to show ownership of the building, but a conviction cannot be sustained unless the indictment is in conformity with the law, the purpose of which is to enable the defendant to make his defense of former acquittal or conviction on the record in a subsequent trial for the same offense. This was one of the essential requirements under the Constitution (section 26), to furnish the defendant with the nature and cause of the accusation against him.
A person who is dead is not the owner of property. The ownership of property must be alleged as of the time of the burglary. When a person dies his property passes from him with his last breath, and vests immediately in his heirs, or those, who will take under his will in case one is made. State v. Hammons, 226 Mo. 604, 126 S.W. 422, and Pleasant v. State, 17 Ala. 190. While possession may support proof of ownership, the possession must be alleged and proven as it existed at the time of the burglary.
We also think the examination of the appellant as to the conviction of other offenses should have been limited to the fact that he was convicted of same without going into details. See Powers v. State, 156 Miss. 316, 126 So. 12; Dodds v. State (Miss.), 45 So. 863, and Slaydon v. State, 102 Miss. 101, 58 So. 977.
For the errors indicated, the judgment of the court below will be reversed, and the cause remanded for a new trial.
Reversed and remanded.