Opinion
No. 27845.
June 3, 1929. Suggestion of Error Overruled June 28, 1929.
1. APPEAL AND ERROR. States. Boundary line between the states of Mississippi and Louisiana is thread of stream and not point equidistant between banks; thread of stream in case of sudden avulsion by which river changes bed remains line between states; chancellor's finding of fact with reference to thread of stream on conflicting evidence will not be disturbed on appeal.
The boundary line between the state of Mississippi and the state of Louisiana is the thread of the stream, or thalweg, and not the point equidistant between the banks of the stream, and the property of the lands bordering on the river extends only to the thread or thalweg of the stream; and, where there is a sudden avulsion by which the river changes its bed the thalweg at the time of the avulsion remains the boundary line, and where there is a conflict of the evidence as to where this thread of the stream, or thalweg, was, the chancellor's finding of fact with reference thereto will not be disturbed by the court on appeal.
2. COURTS. United States supreme court has authority to define law and rules governing disputes as to boundaries between states; state courts must follow decisions of United States supreme court relative to boundary disputes between states.
In disputes as to boundaries between the states of the Union, the United States supreme court has authority to define the law and rules governing such questions, and it is the duty of the state courts to follow the decisions of the United States supreme court in such questions.
APPEAL from chancery court of Warren county. HON. J.L. WILLIAMS, Chancellor.
Green, Green Potter, of Jackson, Hirsh, Dent Landau and T.G. Birchett, all of Vicksburg, for appellant.
Avulsion does not alter boundaries, which remain fixed in the middle of the channel of navigation as it existed just previous to the avulsion.
Arkansas v. Tennessee, 246 U.S. 172, 62 L.Ed. 646; Iowa v. Illinois, 147 U.S. 1, 37 L.Ed. 55; Louisiana v. Mississippi, 202 U.S. 1, 49, 50 L.Ed. 913, 930, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 571; Washington v. Oregon, 211 U.S. 127, 194, 53 L.Ed. 118, 120, 39 Sup. Ct. Rep. 47, 214 U.S. 205, 215, 53 L.Ed. 969, 970, 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 631; Nebraska v. Iowa, 143 U.S. 361, 36 L.Ed. 188.
Where a stream, which is a boundary, from any cause suddenly abandons its old and seeks a new bed, such change of channel works no change of boundary; the boundary remains as it was, in the center of the old channel, although no water may be flowing therein.
Nebraska v. Iowa, 143 U.S. 361, 36 L.Ed. 188; Gould on Waters, sec. 159; 2 Blackstone, Com., 262; Angell, Water Courses, sec. 60; Trustees of Hopkins Academy v. Dickinson, 9 Cush. 544; Buttenuth v. St. Louis Bridge Co., 133 Ill. 535, 14 West Rep. 551; Hagen v. Campbell, 8 Port. (Ala.) 9; Murry v. Sermon, 8 N.C. 56; Shively v. Bowlby, 152 U.S. 34, 38 L.Ed. 344; Missouri v. Nebraska, 196 U.S. 35, 49 L.Ed. 375; New Orleans v. United States, 10 Pet. 662; State v. Pulp Co., 119 Tenn. 56; Dunlieth Dubuque Bridge Co. v. County, 55 Iowa 557, 8 N.W. 443.
If the land be not shown to be in Mississippi, then the presumption as to location controls — that the boundary is equidistant between the fixed banks of the river.
Illinois v. Iowa, 147 U.S. 8, 37 L.Ed. 57; Arkansas v. Tennessee, 246 U.S. 177, 62 L.Ed. 649; State v. Keane, 84 Mo. App. 130; Creasey's First Platform on International Law, sec. 231; Miles v. Perry, 1 La. Ann. 372.
Henry, Canizaro Henry and Brunini Hirsch, all of Vicksburg, for appellees.
Where the states of the Union are separated by boundary lines described as "a line drawn along the middle of the river," or as "the middle of the main channel of the river," the boundary must be fixed at the middle of the main navigable channel, and not along the line equidistant between the banks.
Arkansas v. Mississippi, 250 U.S. 39, 63 L.Ed. 832; Iowa v. Illinois, 147 U.S. 1, 37 L.Ed. 55, 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 239; Arkansas v. Tennessee, 247 U.S. 461, 62 L.Ed. 1213; Louisiana v. Mississippi, 202 U.S. 1, 49, 50 L.Ed. 913, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 408, 571; Washington v. Oregon, 211 U.S. 127, 134, 53 L.Ed. 118, 119, 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 47, 214 U.S. 205, 215, 53 L.Ed. 969, 970, 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 631; State v. Muncie Pulp Co. (1907), 119 Tenn. 47, 104 S.W. 437; Louisiana v. Mississippi, 202 U.S. 1, 50 L.Ed. 913; Iowa v. Illinois, 147 U.S. 1, 37 L.Ed. 55, 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 239.
The Hill City Compress Company, claiming to be the owner of the west bank of the canal where the appellee, the West Kentucky Coal Company, had barges moored and tied to the west bank of the said canal in front of the city of Vicksburg, sued out an attachment in chancery against the West Kentucky Coal Company for rent for the tying up of said barges to the said west bank of the canal. The Royal Route was garnished in that proceeding, and answered admitting an indebtedness. The answer of appellees, the defendants below, denied the ownership of the Hill City Compress Company, contending that the land was not in Mississippi, but was in Louisiana, and that Mrs. Anna B. Long, afterwards made a party defendant, had been in adverse possession of the said land for more than the ten years required by statute to confer title in such cases. Mrs. Long had leased the right to the coal company to tie its barges to the west bank of the canal where the barges were located.
In 1876 the Mississippi river, by avulsion, changed its channel, and the boundaries of the Mississippi river as they existed prior to the said avulsion became a fixed boundary line between the states of Louisiana and Mississippi. The appellants claim title to the center of the river as it existed in 1876 prior to the avulsion. It is the contention of the appellant that the center of the river, within the meaning of the law defining boundaries of the state, is the center of the stream between banks and not the center according to the thread or thalweg of the stream. The chancellor found as a fact that the thalweg of the Mississippi river as it existed at the time of the avulsion lay east of the land where the barges were tied up, and that the land involved was in the state of Louisiana, and belonged to the defendants in the suit, and dismissed the bill.
There was ample evidence to show that the thalweg of the stream lay east of the land (over which the barges floated, and to which the barges were tied), at the time of the avulsion of 1876. There was a conflict as to this, perhaps, but we think there was ample evidence to show that the deep channel of the river, as it existed in 1876, and prior thereto, lay east of the point where the barges were tied, and consequently the chancellor had facts upon which to base his decision. There was also a contention by the defendants that, regardless of where the land lay with reference to the said boundaries, they and their predecessors had been in open, adverse, and hostile possession of the land for more than the statutory period, and there is a conflict of evidence with reference to this proposition. The ownership of the complainant on the east bank of the old Mississippi river, now the Yazoo Canal, originally extended to the thalweg of the river; in other words, the plaintiff's land extended to the center or thread of the stream, or whatever point was the boundary between the state of Louisiana and the state of Mississippi at the time of the avulsion of 1876. It is argued by the appellant that the decisions of this court have established the proposition that the center of the stream in such cases is the line middleway between the banks of the stream. We think the decisions of the United States supreme court is final authority upon this proposition, that court having original jurisdiction to settle disputed boundaries between the states, and whatever rule the state may have adopted is not final authority upon the question of boundaries, but would be subject to the control of the decisions of the United States supreme court upon such questions. That court has had occasion to deal with the subject in a number of cases, and in the case of Iowa v. Illinois, 147 U.S. 1, 13 S.Ct. 239, 37 L.Ed. 55, fully considered and elaborately discussed the question, and reached the conclusion that the true boundary is the middle of the main channel of navigation of the Mississippi river, where that river constitutes the boundary line. In that case, after discussing the law of nations and quoting from authorities, the court, at page 243 of 13 S.Ct. ( 147 U.S. 10) said:
"The reason and necessity of the rule of international law as to the mid-channel being the true boundary line of a navigable river separating independent states may not be as cogent in this country, where neighboring states are under the same general government, as in Europe, yet the same rule will be held to obtain unless changed by statute or usage of so great a length of time as to have acquired the force of law.
"As we have stated, in international law and by the usage of European nations, the terms `middle of the stream' and `mid-channel' of a navigable river are synonymous and interchangeably used. The enabling act of April 18, 1818, (3 St. chapter 67, p. 428,) under which Illinois adopted a constitution and became a state and was admitted into the Union, made the middle of the Mississippi river the western boundary of the state. The enabling act of March 6, 1820, (3 St. chapter 22, section 2, p. 545,) under which Missouri became a state and was admitted into the Union, made the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi river the eastern boundary, so far as its boundary was coterminous with the western boundary of Illinois. The enabling act of August 6, 1846, (9 St., p. 56,) under which Wisconsin adopted a constitution and became a state and was admitted into the Union, gives the western boundary of that state, after reaching the river St. Croix, as follows: `Thence down the main channel of said river to the Mississippi, thence down the center of the main channel of that (Mississippi) river to the northwest corner of the state of Illinois.' The northwest corner of the state of Illinois must therefore be in the middle of the main channel of the river which forms a portion of its western boundary. It is very evident that these terms, `middle of the Mississippi river,' and `middle of the main channel of the Mississippi river,' and `the center of the main channel of that river,' as thus used, are synonymous. It is not at all likely that the congress of the United States intended that those terms, as applied to the Mississippi river separating Illinois and Iowa, should have a different meaning when applied to the Mississippi river separating Illinois from Missouri, or a different meaning when used as descriptive of a portion of the western boundary of Wisconsin. They were evidently used as signifying the same thing.
"The question involved in this case has been elaborately considered, both by the supreme court of Iowa and the supreme court of Illinois, in cases relating to the assessment and taxation of bridges crossing the Mississippi river, as to the point to which the jurisdiction of each state for taxation extends, and they differed in their conclusions. In Dunlieth D.B. Co. v. County of Dubuque, 55 Iowa, 558, 564, 8 N.W. 443, the supreme court of Iowa, after observing that the act of congress admitting Iowa into the Union, and the constitution of Iowa in its preamble, declare that the eastern boundary of the state shall be `the middle of the main channel of Mississippi river,' proceeds to inquire what line is understood by those words, `middle of the main channel.' The defendant maintained that the deep water of the stream used in the navigation of the river was meant, while the plaintiff insisted that the words described the bed in which the stream of the river flows; that is, the bed over which the water flows from bank to bank. The court thought that the words, when applied to rivers generally, without the purpose of describing their currents or navigable characters, always bore the latter signification, observing that this was their primary meaning, and was of opinion that they were used in that sense in the act of congress admitting the state into the Union, and in the constitution of Iowa. In support of this view the court referred to the changing character of the currents of the river followed by vessels, caused by the shifting nature of the sand bars found in the river. `The course of navigation,' it said, `which follows what boatmen call the "channel," is extremely sinuous, and often changing, and is unknown except to experienced navigators. On the other hand, the bed of the main river, designated by the word "channel," used in its primary sense, is the great body of water flowing down the stream. It is broad, and well defined by islands or the main shore. It cannot be possible that congress and the people of the state, in describing its boundary, used the word "channel" to describe the sinuous, obscure, and changing line of navigation, rather than the broad and distinctly defined bed of the main river. The center of this river-bed channel may be readily determined, while the center of the navigable channel often could not be known with certainty. The first is a fit boundary line of a state. The second cannot be.'
"In Buttenuth v. Bridge Co., 123 Ill. 535, 17 N.E. 439 (5 Am. St. Rep. 545), the supreme court of Illinois reached a different conclusion after an elaborate consideration of the same question. That was a case where an alleged overestimate was made of a bridge crossing the Mississippi river at St. Louis; and the question discussed was, how far did the jurisdiction of Illinois extend over the river? After observing that when a river is a boundary between states, as is the Mississippi between Illinois and Missouri, it is the main — the permanent — river which constitutes the boundary, and not that part which flows in seasons of high water and is dry at others, the court proceeds, treating the Mississippi river as a common boundary between the states of Illinois and Missouri, to inquire the meaning of the term, `middle of the Mississippi river,' used in the enabling act of congress and in the constitution, defining the boundaries of the state of Illinois. It answers the inquiry by observing that the word `channel' is used as indicating `the space within which ships can and usually do pass,' and says: `It is apprehended it is in this sense the expressions "middle of the river," "middle of the main channel," "mid-channel," "middle thread of the channel," are used in enabling acts of congress and in state constitutions establishing state boundaries. It is the free navigation of the river — when such river constitutes a common boundary, that part on which boats can and do pass, sometimes called "nature's pathway" — that states demand shall be secured to them. When a river, navigable in fact, is taken or agreed upon as the boundary between two nations or states, the utility of the main channel, or, what is the same thing, the navigable part of the river, is too great to admit a supposition that either state intended to surrender to the state or nation occupying the opposite shore the whole of the principal channel or highway for vessels, and thus debar its own vessels the right of passing to and fro for purposes of defense or commerce. That would be to surrender all, or at least the most valuable part, of such river boundary, for the purposes of commerce or other purposes deemed of great value, to independent states or nations.'
"The opinions in both of these cases are able, and present in the strongest terms the different views as to the line of jurisdiction between neighboring states, separated by a navigable stream; but we are of opinion that the controlling consideration in this matter is that which preserves to each state equality in the right of navigation in the river. We therefore hold, in accordance with this view, that the true line in navigable rivers between the states of the Union which separates the jurisdiction of one from the other is the middle of the main channel of the river. Thus the jurisdiction of each state extends to the thread of the stream, that is, to the `mid-channel,' and, if there be several channels, to the middle of the principal one, or, rather, the one usually followed."
In subsequent cases the court has adhered to this ruling. See Arkansas v. Tennessee, 247 U.S. 461, 38 S.Ct. 557, 62 L.Ed. 1213; Arkansas v. Mississippi, 250 U.S. 39, 39 S.Ct. 422, 63 L.Ed. 832; Louisiana v. Mississippi, 202 U.S. 1, 49, 26 S.Ct. 408-571, 50 L.Ed. 913 — 930. We think the reasoning of the above authorities is unanswerable, and that it is necessary to follow the rule of the supreme court of the United States as shown in the case of Iowa v. Illinois. The different states may take contrary positions and may give able reasons for their views, but such conflicts are fruitful of trouble, and should be avoided. As we understand the chancellor's decision, it is predicated upon this rule, and the judgment will be affirmed.
Affirmed.