Opinion
April 9, 1975.
June 12, 1975.
Present: TAURO, C.J., BRAUCHER, HENNESSEY, KAPLAN, WILKINS, JJ.
Constitutional Law, Trial by jury, Double jeopardy, Speedy trial. Practice, Criminal, "Two-tier" court system.
Where a defendant was found guilty of driving to endanger by a District Court judge following denial of a motion for jury trial and appealed to the six man jury session of the District Court pursuant to G.L.c. 278, § 18, as amended, and there duly excepted to the denial of his motion to dismiss based on the ground that the court lacked "jurisdiction" because of the alleged improper refusal of a jury trial by the court below and was found guilty, his exceptions were properly before the Supreme Judicial Court for review. [139-140] The decision in Whitmarsh v. Commonwealth, 366 Mass. 212 (1974), holding untenable claims that the Commonwealth's "two-tier" court system infringed constitutional rights to a speedy trial, to a jury trial, and not to be put in double jeopardy, reaffirmed. [140]
COMPLAINT received and sworn to in the District Court of Northern Norfolk on February 1, 1974.
The case was heard by Virostek, J.
Robert W. Hagopian for the defendant.
Paul S. Zonderman, Special Assistant District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.
This is one of a series of cases in which the defendant's counsel, representing a number of clients, has sought to test the constitutionality of the Commonwealth's "two-tier" or "trial de novo" system, a procedure by which those accused of certain offenses may be tried first in a District Court without a jury, and, if convicted there, may secure a fresh trial, to a jury, at the next higher court level. See G.L.c. 278, § 18.
See the listing of such cases in Whitmarsh v. Commonwealth, 366 Mass. 212, 218, fn. 4 (1974); Costarelli v. Municipal Court of the City of Boston, 367 Mass. 35, 39-40, fn. 3 (1975). See also a connected case, Costarelli v. Massachusetts, 421 U.S. 193 (1975).
We need to refer here to one of the prior proceedings. In Whitmarsh v. Commonwealth, 366 Mass. 212 (1974), app. dism. 421 U.S. 957 (1975), Whitmarsh was tried in a District Court on a charge of operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor; he moved at the outset for trial by jury; the motion was denied. On trial he was found guilty. He appealed to the Superior Court where he would be entitled to a trial de novo with a jury. He moved in that court to dismiss, insisting on the invalidity of the procedure from the start. Pending decision of the motion, he filed a so called "interlocutory appeal" in this court for Suffolk County asking a declaration that the two-tier system was unconstitutional, and an injunction against further prosecution of the criminal charge. A single justice of this court denied the injunction and reserved and reported the case. We held that the "interlocutory appeal" could not be maintained, and we declined exercise of extraordinary power under our superintendency statute, G.L.c. 211, § 3. But "in view of the nature of the question which . . . [Whitmarsh] attempted to raise and in view of the fact that . . . [Whitmarsh's] counsel appears determined to raise the same question in other cases" ( id. at 218), we undertook to state our opinion on the claimed infractions of constitutional rights — the right to a speedy trial under the Sixth Amendment, the right to jury trial under the Sixth Amendment and art. 12 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights, and the guaranty against double jeopardy under the Fifth Amendment. We held each of these claims to be untenable. Id. at 218-228.
In holding that the "interlocutory appeal" was not available, we indicated how a final decision might be obtained that would be subject to regular appellate review. We said, "If his motion were denied [i.e., Whitmarsh's motion in the Superior Court to dismiss], and if he were thereafter tried in the Superior Court and found guilty . . . [Whitmarsh] would have available to him an opportunity for appellate review of the ruling on his motion as a matter of right by saving and perfecting exceptions thereto." ( Id. at 216.) Counsel followed that line in the present case. Here the defendant Ludwig, charged in the District Court of Northern Norfolk with driving to endanger (G.L.c. 90, § 24 [a]), moved for a jury trial, which the judge denied; the defendant was then found guilty. In the de novo proceeding in the District Court of Northern Norfolk, Six Man Jury Session (similar for present purposes to a de novo proceeding in the Superior Court, see G.L.c. 278, § 18), the defendant moved to dismiss, claiming among other things that the court lacked "jurisdiction" because of the improper refusal of a jury at first instance. The motion was denied over due exception, and the defendant was fined $20. Imposition of sentence was stayed, and the case is before this court on a bill of exceptions, as amended, which in effect raises again the constitutional claims.
The case is properly here for review. The attack on "jurisdiction" is but a flourish, and adds nothing to the constitutional points above mentioned which the defendant's counsel has been pressing with repetitious insistence. We have suffered no change of mind on the constitutional issues since the Whitmarsh decision.
Exceptions overruled.