Opinion
Docket No. 77-3747.
Decided June 20, 1978. Leave to appeal applied for.
Collison Chasnis, for plaintiff.
W. Vincent Nash, City Attorney, and Otto W. Brandt, Jr., Assistant Attorney General, for defendant.
Plaintiff, Frank Collison, brought this suit against defendant City of Saginaw claiming that on January 22, 1977, he had suffered a back injury as a result of being thrown from a toboggan slide negligently constructed and maintained by defendant within a city park. On September 21, 1977, the circuit court granted accelerated judgment in favor of defendant based on governmental immunity. Plaintiffs appeal raising two issues.
Plaintiffs first contend that the operation of this toboggan slide was not a governmental function. With certain exceptions, the governmental immunity statute, MCL 691.1407; MSA 3.996(107), provides immunity from tort liability for all governmental agencies in the exercise of "a governmental function". The statute does not define "governmental function". Therefore, the determination of whether a given activity is a governmental function must be made on a case-by-case basis utilizing prior common-law definitions when they apply. Thomas v Dep't of State Highways, 398 Mich. 1; 247 N.W.2d 530 (1976). In Michigan the operation of a recreational park is a governmental function. Royston v City of Charlotte, 278 Mich. 255, 257-258; 270 N.W. 288 (1936). Particular activities carried on within a recreational park may or may not be governmental functions. Plaintiffs rely on Rohrabaugh v Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority Corp, 75 Mich. App. 677; 256 N.W.2d 240 (1977), wherein the operation of a roller skating rink within a city park was held not to constitute a governmental function. In Rohrabaugh, the skating rink was in competition with private business and an admission fee was charged. Applying the rationale of Rohrabaugh to the instant case we find that the operation of the toboggan slide was an integral part of the recreational park which was not shown to be in competition with privately operated slides, and which depended on the existence of the park for its own existence. Therefore, under Rohrabaugh, the operation of the toboggan slide in the instant case was a governmental function. We also note that the park and the slide were open to the general public free of charge. Thus the general public was benefited without hope of monetary profit for the city. This adds further support to our finding a governmental function in the instant case. See Snow v Freeman, 55 Mich. App. 84, 88-89; 222 N.W.2d 43 (1974), and Smith v Board of Comm'rs of the Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority, 49 Mich. App. 280; 212 N.W.2d 32 (1973).
Plaintiff's second contention is that this toboggan slide was a nuisance per se and thus constituted an exception to governmental immunity and that the trial court erred in "ruling as a matter of law that no genuine issue of material fact existed as to the creation of a nuisance per se". This argument has no merit.
The nuisance per se exception to governmental immunity was a common-law exception to common-law governmental immunity. Royston, supra, at 260. Common-law governmental immunity no longer exists in Michigan. Williams v Detroit, 364 Mich. 231; 111 N.W.2d 1 (1961). Pittman v City of Taylor, 398 Mich. 41; 247 N.W.2d 512 (1976). Governmental immunity is now provided by statute. Several statutory exceptions have been created but none apply in the instant case. Judicially created exceptions also exist. Buckeye Union Fire Ins. Co v Michigan, 383 Mich. 630; 178 N.W.2d 476 (1970). No judicially created exceptions to statutory governmental immunity apply in the instant case. Existence of a nuisance per se within the city park does not by itself create an exception to statutory governmental immunity. Dionne v City of Trenton, 79 Mich. App. 239, 242-243; 261 N.W.2d 273 (1977).
We also note that the existence of a nuisance per se is a question of law. In Buddy v Dep't of Natural Resources, 59 Mich. App. 598, 599-602; 229 N.W.2d 865 (1975), Judge M.J. KELLY presents an excellent analysis leading to the conclusion that a toboggan run is not a nuisance per se. Plaintiffs fail to point out any error in the Buddy analysis. Therefore, even if there was a "nuisance per se" exception, plaintiffs have shown no error in the instant case.
Affirmed. No costs, a public question being involved.