Opinion
A01A1301.
DECIDED: AUGUST 6, 2001
Restrictive covenants. Gilmer Superior Court. Before Judge Milam, Senior Judge.
Ray McKinney, Robert M. Ray, Jr., for appellant.
Weissman, Nowack, Curry Wilco, Charles B. Waters, Jr., David E. Ralston, for appellee.
William Bowman, Jr., as a tenant at will of property owned by Ridgehaven Homes, Inc. in the Walnut Mountain Subdivision, appeals the dismissal for lack of standing of his complaint against Walnut Mountain Property Owners Association, Inc. seeking declaratory judgment and damages as to the Covenants, Conditions, and Restrictions for the Walnut Mountain Subdivision. Ridgehaven Homes, Inc. appeals the trial court's finding in such action that all of the land that it owns is subject to the covenants, conditions, and restrictions as recorded in Deed Book 48, page 472, Gilmer County real property records and "as subsequently amended or supplemented the deeds to Ridgehaven Homes, Inc., having made said covenants and conditions a part of said deeds" in Deed Book 268, page 87. Boman appeals the trial court's finding that Bownan's tenancy at will does not vest in him an estate with sufficient interest in the land to afford him standing to bring this action, because title to such land is in Ridgehaven. We affirm the trial court's findings as to both claims of error.
Bowman incorporated Ridgehaven to develop lots in the Walnut Mountain Subdivision after it had been subdivided subject to the covenants, conditions, and regulations created by the owner. On various dates in 1995 and 1996, Ridgehaven received title to lots in the Walnut Mountain Subdivision with legal reference to Plat Book 4, page 43, and expressly subject to the covenants and restrictions of Walnut Mountain recorded in its deeds of Deed Book 48, page 472, Deed Book 50, page 491, Deed Book 75, pages 198, 225, and 469, and the renewal in Deed Book 268, page 87. The original grantor of these lots was The Ocmulgee Corporation, which created the covenants, conditions, and regulations as covenants running with the land. Over five years after the renewal and extension of the covenants, conditions, and restrictions had been filed of record for another ten years, Ridgehaven took title to these lots under deeds expressly referencing such covenants.
On April 10, 1971, April 29, 1971, and April 8, 1977, The Ocmulgee Corporation made and filed of record the Declaration of Covenants, Conditions, and Restrictions of Walnut Mountain that subjected such land to these covenants running with the land.
The Walnut Mountain Property Owners Association, Inc., a not-for-profit corporation, is governed by a constitution and by-laws and administers such subdivision common areas.
On August 11, 1990, on behalf of its owner-members, Walnut Mountain Property Owners Association, Inc., through its president and attested to by its secretary, filed of record an agreement of renewal and extension of The Ocmulgee Corporation's covenants, conditions, and restrictions for Walnut Mountain from April 10, 1991, for ten years. This recordable agreement, which extended and renewed the covenants, stated that 68% of the lot owners had executed written consent agreements to the renewal and that such separate agreements were on file in its offices.
On July 30, 1998, Ridgehaven conveyed to Shelley Carter a lot by recorded deed which incorporated these covenants and made the lot subject to the covenants.
1. Ridgehaven contends that the trial court erred in finding that it was subject to the covenants, because the covenants were not properly renewed as provided under the covenants for renewal and extension, and the original covenants had expired as a matter of law. We do not agree.
Article IX of the Declaration of Covenants, Conditions, and Restriction of Walnut Mountain provided that it was a covenant running with the land for a period of 20 years and could be renewed in successive ten year periods under its renewal and extension procedure:
if an agreement of renewal and extension is signed (a) by Declarant, if it is the owner of any lots then subject thereto, (b) by at least two thirds (2/3) of the Property Owners whose lots are then subject thereto, and (c) by the then owner of the Common Properties within Walnut Mountain. No such agreement of renewal and extension shall be effective unless filed for record at least one hundred eighty (180) days prior to the effective date of such renewal and extension.
On August 11, 1990, the renewal and extension was filed of record more than six months prior to its expiration date on April 10, 1991. The recorded agreement for extension and renewal was executed by the president and secretary of the Walnut Mountain Property Owners Association, Inc., the owner of the common area, on behalf of the lot owners; extension agreement recited that the separately executed consent agreements of 68% of the lot owners had been obtained and were on file in its office, agreeing to the extension. This constituted an incorporation by reference of such separate consent agreements of 68% of the lot owners. In 1990, The Ocmulgee Corporation nolonger owned any lots in the Walnut Mountain Subdivision. Thus, all of the conditions for a ten year extension of the covenants had been satisfied.
(a) Ridgehaven contends that Article IX has not been complied with because, although 68% of the property owners consented separately in writing to the extension and renewal of the covenant for ten years, all 68% of the property owners consented improperly to the renewal and extension by separately signing agreements instead of executing one single agreement. Therefore, it contends that the intent of the property owners to extend the covenants, including Ridgehaven's grantors in title, has been frustrated and has no legal effect.
Ridgehaven relies upon Canterbury Forest Assoc. v. Collins, 243 Ga. App. 425, 426-427 (1) ( 532 S.E.2d 736) (2000), which held that the property owners there had to strictly follows O.C.G.A. § 44-5-60 (d) (1) for an extension under the statute to be effective. While this is true of the statutory extension, here the renewal and extension procedure was part of the covenant running with the land, which provided for such extension and renewal, and the extension was by mutual written agreement between the property owners in reliance on the acts of each other. All owners took subject to the covenants being renewable under the covenants themselves.
Even if the statutory extension were not available, promissory estoppel would prevent Ridgehaven from now disavowing what its predecessors in title agreed to do and caused the other lot owners to mutually rely upon to their detriment. Ridgehaven's predecessors in title executed separate agreements without insisting that only one agreement of extension should be executed, causing the other lot owners to change positions to their detriment in not signing and filing a single agreement of extension and renewal. Thus, Ridgehaven, by taking title with the covenants of record specifically referencing the renewal and extension in its deeds, to which the predecessors in title agreed, became subject to promissory estoppel because of the actions of its grantors. Id. 427-428.
(b) In this case, the property owners carried out the exact terms and conditions of the recorded covenants under the renewal and extension procedures.
The meaning of the "agreement" required to be signed by two thirds of the property owners on its face appears to be ambiguous with in the clear meaning of the word, i.e., "agreement", makes it unclear whether the property owners must each execute a single written agreement, can sign separate written agreements, or can incorporate by reference separate written agreements into one written renewal and extension agreement filed of record on their behalf by the property owners association.
The construction of the meaning of the language in a contract is a legal issue under the rules of contract construction. O.C.G.A. § 13-2-1; Crooks v. Crim, 159 Ga. App. 745, 748 ( 285 S.E.2d 84) (1981); Andrews v. Skinner, 158 Ga. App. 229, 230 ( 279 S.E.2d 523) (1981). "But a contract is not ambiguous, even where difficult to construe unless and until an application of the pertinent rules of interpretation leaves it uncertain as to which of two or more possible meanings represents the true intention of the parties." (Citation omitted.) Crooks v. Crim, supra at 748. Where the language of the contract is plain, clear, and undisputed but the meaning of the language is in dispute, construction of such term is for the trial court to determine the meaning, and if after application of the rules of construction there exists no ambiguity, then the court has resolved as a matter of law any apparent ambiguity. Travelers Ins. Co. v. Blakey, 255 Ga. 699, 700 ( 342 S.E.2d 308) (1986); Board of Regents v. A. B. E., Inc., 182 Ga. App. 671, 673 ( 357 S.E.2d 100) (1987). The intent of the parties where clearly expressed controls over all technical or arbitrary rules of construction. O.C.G.A. § 13-2-3; Olympic Dev. Group, Inc. v. American Druggists' Ins. Co., 175 Ga. App. 425, 429 (2) ( 333 S.E.2d 622) (1985). Here, 68% of the lot owners expressly intended to exercise their rights to renew and extend the covenants protecting their lots in writing no matter what Ridgehaven as a subsequently acquiring grantee intended the language to mean; it was not a party to the mutual agreement, only a privy.
(c) Construction of contracts, like construction of statutes, seeks to carry out the intent of the parties, and in this case, the clear intent was to renew and extend the covenants to protect the property owners. Where, as here, the intention of the property owners is clear, unambiguous, and not in dispute and does not contravene any rule of law, their written agreements to extend the existing covenants under the procedure for renewal will be enforced according to its terms. O.C.G.A. § 13-2-3; Budd Land Co., Ltd. v. K R Realty Co., 159 Ga. App. 448, 449 (2) ( 283 S.E.2d 665) (1981); Crawford v. Crawford, 158 Ga. App. 187, 188 ( 279 S.E.2d 486) (1981). Therefore, where there has been a substantial compliance with the terms and conditions of the covenant permitting renewal and extension, such substantial compliance sufficiently satisfies the procedure as in statutory construction. O.C.G.A. § 1-3-1 (c); O'Neal v. Spencer, 203 Ga. 588 ( 47 S.E.2d 646) (1948); Moreton Rolleston, Jr. Living Trust v. Glynn County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 240 Ga. App. 405 ( 523 S.E.2d 600) (1999); Health Horizons, Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 239 Ga. App. 440 ( 521 S.E.2d 383) (1999). "'Good faith' is a shorthand way of saying substantial compliance with the spirit, and not merely the letter, of a contract. Crooks v. Chapman Co., Inc., 124 Ga. App. 718, 720 ( 185 S.E.2d 787) (1971)." Fisher v. Toombs County Nursing Home, 223 Ga. App. 842, 845-846 (2) ( 479 S.E.2d 180) (1996); see also O.C.G.A. § 13-4-20; First Nat. Bank v. Wynne, 149 Ga. App. 811, 817 (1) ( 256 S.E.2d 383) (1979). When giving effect to the clear intent of the owners and the substantial purpose of the covenants and extension, the court will give effect to such overall scheme. Friedman v. Friedman, 259 Ga. 530, 532-533 (3) ( 384 S.E.2d 641) (1989), overruled on other grounds, Duckworth v. State, 268 Ga. 566 ( 492 S.E.2d 201) (1997).
Thus, the agreement filed of record can incorporate by reference the separately executed agreements of the 68% of the lot owners to constitute a unitary agreement to renew and extend the covenants to give affect to the property owners' written intent and purpose. A written agreement can be formulated from separate signed documents. Board of Regents v. Tyson, 261 Ga. 368, 369 ( 404 S.E.2d 557) (1991); Baker v. Jellibeans, Inc., 252 Ga. 458, 560 ( 314 S.E.2d 874) (1984). A written and filed agreement may also incorporate by reference, as was done here, other documents by specific reference and identification so that such documents are treated as if a part of the document making the reference. "As a matter of contract law, incorporation by reference is generally effective to accomplish its intended purpose where the provisions to which reference is made has a reasonably clear and ascertainable meaning." Goldman v. Vinson, 244 Ga. App. 815, 817 (1) ( 535 S.E.2d 305) (2000); see accord Town Center Assoc. v. Workman, 227 Ga. App. 55, 57 (1) ( 487 S.E.2d 624) (1997). "There is here such a description because a deed incorporating a recorded plat by reference as the legal description has the same effect as if written out in the deed." Jones v. Bowen, 244 Ga. App. 300, 302 ( 535 S.E.2d 501) (2000); see also Reidling v. Holcomb, 225 Ga. App. 229, 231 (1) ( 483 S.E.2d 624) (1997). Thus, the Walnut Mountain Property Owners Association, Inc. properly renewed and extended the covenants, even in the form of a single agreement.
(d) "When a grantee accepts a deed, he is bound by the covenants contained therein even though the deed has not been signed by him." O.C.G.A. § 44-5-39; Hill v. Moye, 221 Ga. App. 411, 413 (2) ( 471 S.E.2d 910) (1996). The owner of a fee in land has the right to convey his land subject to such reservations or restrictions in the form of covenants running with the land as he may impose, provided that such covenants are not contrary to public policy. Cawthon v. Anderson, 211 Ga. 77, 78 (1) ( 84 S.E.2d 66) (1954). Thus, restriction of use of the land conveyed may burden the land through the deed of title. Winslette v. Keeler, 220 Ga. 100, 101 (1) ( 137 S.E.2d 288) (1964). By accepting a deed with covenants and restrictions, the grantee voluntarily consents to be bound by such covenants. Id. at 101. Thus, all of Ridgehaven's lots are subject to the renewed covenants, restrictions, and conditions.
2. Bowman contends that, although he has no ownership interest in any land in the Walnut Mountain Subdivision, as a tenant at will of Ridgehaven he has a direct interest in the property, giving him standing, and that the trial court erred in dismissing him from the suit. We do not agree, because Bowman is a mere tenant at will.
When a lessee has a lease agreement for five or more years, an estate for years passes to the lessee. O.C.G.A. § 44-7-1; Roe v. Doe, 246 Ga. 138, 140 (1) ( 268 S.E.2d 901) (1980); Paces Partnership v. Grant, 212 Ga. App. 621, 624 (1) ( 442 S.E.2d 826) (1994); Searcy v. Peach County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 180 Ga. App. 531 ( 349 S.E.2d 515) (1986). However, a tenant under a contract for less than five years has only a usufruct, which is the rights and privileges arising as a matter of law from the landlord tenant relationship. See Roe v. Doe, supra at 138; Sharpe v. Mathews, 123 Ga. 794, 797-798 (2) ( 51 S.E.2d 706) (1905). Under a usufructurary interest, the tenant cannot sublet the premises, convey his usufructuary interest, nor assign his lease without the landlord's consent. Hudson v. Stewart, 110 Ga. 37, 38-39 ( 35 S.E. 178) (1900). A tenant at will is in possession by right which is evidenced by the will of the landlord, giving permission to the occupancy and the will of the tenant that is implied by possession of the premises; a sixty day notice to quit, as well as the emoluments of tenancy, arise. O.C.G.A. § 44-7-7; Nicholes v. Swift, 118 Ga. 922, 924-925 (1) ( 45 S.E. 708) (1903); Carruth v. Carruth, 77 Ga. App. 131, 134-135 (1) ( 48 S.E.2d 387) (1948).
In Meco of Atlanta, Inc. v. Super Valu Stores, Inc., the lessor leased the improved realty to the lessee for fifteen years with three additional five-year renewable terms, which created an estate for years in the lessee. Under such facts and circumstances, the lessee had standing to contest a materialman's lien foreclosure, because the lessee had an estate for years and not a mere usufructuary interest, as does Bownan. As a matter of law and fact, Meco is distinguishable from this case.
215 Ga. App. 146, 147 ( 449 S.E.2d 687) (1994), relied upon by Bowman.
Although Bowman is the president and sole stockholder of Ridgehaven, he has no right to bring an action for injuries to the corporate entity, because such legal entity must sue in its own name. However, if the shareholder can show that he has suffered a "special injury" that allows a personal cause of action, he may proceed individually. Such is not the case here, and the trial court properly dismissed Bowman for lack of standing. See Phoenix Airline Svcs., Inc. v. Metro Airlines, Inc., 260 Ga. 584, 585-586 (1) ( 397 S.E.2d 699) (1990). Judgment affirmed. Andrews, P.J., concurs in judgment only. Miller, J., concurs.
DECIDED AUGUST 6, 2001.