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explaining that “summary judgment is appropriate only where the evidence shows that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law”
Summary of this case from Coleman v. StateOpinion
No. 49S00–1311–PL–716.
2014-05-7
Mayor Gregory BALLARD, Appellant (Intervenor below), v. Maggie LEWIS, John Barth, and Vernon Brown, Appellees (Plaintiffs below).
David M. Brooks, Andrew P. Seiwert, Corporation Counsel, City of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, Attorneys for Appellant. William R. Groth, Geoffrey S. Lohman, Indianapolis, IN, Attorneys for Appellees.
David M. Brooks, Andrew P. Seiwert, Corporation Counsel, City of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, Attorneys for Appellant. William R. Groth, Geoffrey S. Lohman, Indianapolis, IN, Attorneys for Appellees.
Gregory Bowes, Indianapolis, IN, Attorney for Amicus Curiae Common Cause Indiana.
On Emergency Transfer Pursuant to Indiana Appellate Rule 56(A)
PER CURIAM.
The Redistricting Statute for Marion County assigns the task of redrawing the County's legislative districts to the judiciary if the County's legislative and executive branches become deadlocked over required redistricting. Peterson v. Borst, 786 N.E.2d 668, 672, 676 (Ind.), reh'g denied, 789 N.E.2d 460 (Ind.2003). In the case before us the Indianapolis Marion County City–County Council and Mayor Gregory Ballard agreed on an ordinance dividing the County into legislative districts, and the legal question is whether that was done too early to satisfy the Redistricting Statute. A divided panel of trial court judges answered that question “yes” and then drew new legislative districts. We hold that because this case does not present a redistricting impasse that requires judicial intervention, Mayor Ballard is entitled to summary judgment. Accordingly, we reverse.
Facts and Procedural Background
In the fall of 2011, the majority of the City–County Council (“Council”) were members of the Republican Party, as was Mayor Ballard. An election for the Council's twenty-nine seats occurred on November 8, 2011. In that election, members from the Democratic Party were elected to a majority of seats on the Council and thus would become the Council's majority upon being sworn into office on January 1, 2012. The Plaintiffs in this action—Councillors Maggie Lewis, John Barth, and Vernon Brown (together “Councillor Lewis”)—were either elected or re-elected to the Council in that 2011 election, and all three are members of the Democratic Party.
The Council presently consists of twenty-nine members: twenty-five elected by the respective voters of each of the twenty-five districts and four members elected from an at-large district containing the entire County.
On November 22, 2011, Mayor Ballard signed an order establishing new precinct boundaries for the County. On December 5, 2011, Council President, Ryan Vaughn, introduced Proposal 353, 2011 (“Proposal 353”) to the Council. Proposal 353 was a plan to reconfigure the twenty-five districts for elections to the Council beginning in 2015, using the precinct boundaries established in the Mayor's November 22, 2011 order and data from the 2010 federal decennial census. After conducting four public hearings the Council's Rules and Public Policy Committee forwarded Proposal 353 along to the full Council.
On December 19, 2011, the Council voted to approve Proposal 353 by a vote of fifteen to fourteen, with all fifteen Republican Councillors voting for the Proposal and thirteen Democratic Councillors and one Libertarian Councillor voting against the Proposal. On the same day, Councillor Vaughn signed Proposal 353 as Council President. Proposal 353 was renamed “Ordinance 61, 2011” (“Ordinance 61”). On December 22, 2011, Ordinance 61 was presented to Mayor Ballard who approved and signed the Ordinance on January 1, 2012.
Later in 2012, the Council, then with a majority of Democratic members, approved an ordinance that would have established different Council districts. All sixteen Democratic Councillors voted for that ordinance, and all thirteen Republican Councillors voted against it. Mayor Ballard vetoed that ordinance in December 2012. The Council did not vote to override the veto, so that ordinance did not become law.
In February 2013, Councillor Lewis filed a complaint against Mark A. Sullivan, Patrick J. Dietrick, and Beth A. White, each in his or her official capacity as a member of the Marion County Election Board (“MCEB”). The complaint sought a declaration that Ordinance 61 failed to comply with the “temporal parameters” of Indiana Code section 36–3–4–3, the Redistricting Statute for Marion County (“Redistricting Statute”). Specifically, the complaint alleged that with Ordinance 61, the Council divided the County into districts in the year 2011, rather than during the year of 2012 as required by the Statute. The complaint also asked the court to enjoin the MCEB and anyone else from using the districts established in Ordinance 61 to conduct the 2015 municipal elections. In addition, Councillor Lewis urged the court to draw new districts for the County.
The court granted Mayor Ballard's request to intervene as a defendant, and Mayor Ballard and members of the MCEB filed an answer to the complaint. Mayor Ballard moved for summary judgment, and Councillor Lewis moved for partial summary judgment. The parties filed a joint stipulation of facts with exhibits. Responses to the summary judgment motions were also filed. A five-member trial court then held oral argument on the competing summary judgment motions.
On July 17, 2013, three of the five trial court judges hearing this case joined in an order denying Mayor Ballard's motion for summary judgment and granting Councillor Lewis' motion for partial summary judgment. The order declared that with Ordinance 61, the Council “divided the county by ordinance on December 19, 2011,” not during 2012 as required by the Redistricting Statute; the order concluded that although Ordinance 61 was a validly-enacted ordinance, it failed to satisfy the requirement for “mandatory redistricting” during 2012. (Appellant's Appendix (“App.”) at 212–16.) Two judges dissented and wrote that Councillor Lewis' claims should be dismissed because Ordinance 61 complied with the Redistricting Statute's requirement for redistricting in 2012.
On August 26, 2013, the trial court issued a final judgment that, with the assistance of a master, divided the County into twenty-five new Council districts. The final judgment also ordered payment of the master's $6,000 fee. Three judges concurred in the final judgment, and two judges continued to dissent on the merits of the case. (App. at 238.)
The final judgment ordered the Council and Mayor Ballard to split equally the cost of the master. (App. at 238.) However, in an “Order Regarding Payment of the Master” issued less than two weeks later, the court (1) declared that its final judgment had ordered Councillor Lewis and Mayor Ballard to split equally the master's fee and (2) ordered the Marion County Auditor to issue payment to the master. (App. at 258–59.)
Mayor Ballard appealed and requested transfer pursuant to Appellate Rule 56(A). This Court granted transfer and assumed jurisdiction over this appeal. The parties filed briefs and presented oral argument to this Court. Common Cause Indiana filed a brief of amicus curiae substantively aligned with Councillor Lewis.
The Court expresses its appreciation to the parties for their joint factual stipulation with exhibits and to the trial court judges for their careful, detailed statements of the rationales for their rulings, all of which facilitate appellate review.
Standard of Review
The standard of review for a partial summary judgment is the same as that used in the trial court: summary judgment is appropriate only where the evidence shows that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Allen v. Great American Reserve Ins. Co., 766 N.E.2d 1157, 1161 (Ind.2002). Where the challenge to the trial court's summary judgment ruling presents only legal issues, not factual ones, the issues are reviewed de novo. Robertson v. B.O., 977 N.E.2d 341, 343 (Ind.2012). Similarly, a question of statutory interpretation is subject to our de novo review. Pinnacle Prop. Dev. Grp., LLC v. City of Jeffersonville, 893 N.E.2d 726, 727 (Ind.2008).
Discussion
Mayor Ballard's primary appellate argument is that because Ordinance 61 met the Redistricting Statute's requirement for redistricting during 2012, the trial court erred by awarding Councillor Lewis partial summary judgment, denying his motion for summary judgment, and later redistricting the County.
The version of the Redistricting Statute applicable here reads, in part:
The city-county legislative body shall, by ordinance, divide the whole county into twenty-five (25) districts that:
(1) are compact, subject only to natural boundary lines (such as railroads, major highways, rivers, creeks, parks, and major industrial complexes);
(2) contain, as nearly as is possible, equal population; and
(3) do not cross precinct boundary lines.
This division shall be made during the second year after a year in which a federal decennial census is conducted and may also be made at any other time, subject to IC 3–11–1.5–32.
Ind.Code § 36–3–4–3(a) (2007 Replacement Vol.) (emphasis added). The statute further provides, “If the legislative body fails to make the division before the date prescribed by subsection (a) or the division is alleged to violate subsection (a) or other law, a taxpayer or registered voter of the county may petition the superior court of the county to hear and determine the matter.” I.C. § 36–3–4–3(d). The statute also declares that the trial court “shall hear and determine the matter as a five (5) member panel of judges from the superior court” and provides for selection of the five-member panel. Id. In the action, the trial court “may appoint a master to assist in its determination and may draw proper district boundaries if necessary.” Id.
The version quoted above was in effect during 2011 and 2012. The Redistricting Statute was amended in 2013, but the parties agree that the 2013 amendments do not apply to this case.
The parties and trial court agree that for purpose of this case the second year after a year in which a federal decennial census is conducted means 2012. And they refer to the “division” that “shall be made” during 2012 as “mandatory redistricting” and to the “division” that “may also be made” at other times as “permissive redistricting.” They disagree, however, whether Ordinance 61 constitutes mandatory redistricting during 2012.
Clear and unambiguous statutes leave no room for judicial construction, but when a statute is susceptible to more than one interpretation, it is deemed ambiguous and is thus open to judicial construction. Thatcher v. City of Kokomo, 962 N.E.2d 1224, 1227 (Ind.2012). Where there is ambiguity, courts resort to the rules of statutory construction so as to give effect to the General Assembly's intent. Adams v. State, 960 N.E.2d 793, 798 (Ind.2012).
Here, ambiguity arises from the statutory requirement that the Council “by ordinance, divide” the County into legislative districts and that the “division” be made “during” 2012.
Mayor Ballard argues the trial court erred by concluding the Council divided the County by Ordinance 61 on December 19, 2011. He contends that Ordinance 61 satisfies the requirement for mandatory redistricting because Ordinance 61 divided the County into districts during 2012—when he signed it on January 1, 2012. He invokes a rule of statutory construction providing that statutes relating to the same general subject matter are in pari materia (on the same subject) and should be construed together so as to produce a harmonious statutory scheme. See Klotz v. Hoyt, 900 N.E.2d 1, 5 (Ind.2009); Horseman v. Keller, 841 N.E.2d 164, 168 (Ind.2006). In particular, Mayor Ballard relies on the statute that addresses the adoption of ordinances:
(a) An ordinance or resolution passed by a legislative body is considered adopted when it is:
(1) signed by the presiding officer; and
(2) if subject to veto, either approved by the executive or passed over the executive's veto by the legislative body, under section 16 of this chapter.
...
(e) Unless a legislative body provides in an ordinance or resolution for a later effective date, the ordinance or resolution takes effect when it is adopted....
I.C. § 36–3–4–14 (2011 Supp.) (emphasis added). Ordinance 61 likewise provides, “This ordinance shall be in full force and effect upon adoption and compliance with IC § 36–3–4–14.” (App. at 7.) Mayor Ballard thus concludes that, by operation of statute and Ordinance 61's own language, the division of the County by ordinance occurred during 2012.
Councillor Lewis does not deny that Ordinance 61, though ultimately approved by Mayor Ballard, was subject to his veto under Indiana Code section 36–3–4–14.
Mayor Ballard offers several alternative arguments. These include that (1) even if Ordinance 61 failed to comply strictly with the requirements for redistricting during 2012, it substantially complied with the requirement; (2) the trial court lacked jurisdiction to grant relief; and (3) under the circumstances, it was “unnecessary” for the trial court to redraw the districts.
Councillor Lewis disagrees with the foregoing arguments and offers equally sound arguments in defense of the trial court's decision. According to Councillor Lewis, the Redistricting Statute should be construed to require more than merely the Mayor's signature on an ordinance in 2012. Thus, Ordinance 61 does not satisfy the requirement that the Council divide the County in 2012 because all of the Council's activities occurred in 2011. Councillor Lewis contends the Redistricting Statute's reference to the “ legislative body” dividing the County (with no mention of the executive) indicates the need for the Council to undertake redistricting-related activities in 2012, and stresses that redistricting is a legislative function rather than an executive one.
Councillor Lewis further argues that allowing the outgoing Council to redistrict at the end of 2011 would conflict with the will of the electorate as expressed most recently in the November 8, 2011 election. Also, Councillor Lewis offers a different in pari materia argument, contending that despite Mayor Ballard's November 22, 2011 order fixing new precinct boundaries, Indiana Code section 3–11–1.5–38(e)(1) (2011 Supp.) would have allowed Mayor Ballard to change precinct boundaries before January 1, 2012, thus showing the General Assembly intended for the Council not to perform its redistricting duties before January 1, 2012. Finally, in response to Mayor Ballard's alternative arguments, Councillor Lewis argues that Ordinance 61 did not substantially comply with the requirement for redistricting in 2012, the trial court had jurisdiction to grant relief, and it was necessary for the trial court to redraw the districts.
Both sides present reasonable arguments about how the Redistricting Statute should be construed and, in particular, whether Ordinance 61 constitutes mandatory redistricting. Faced with two reasonable interpretations of the Redistricting Statute, we determine it proper, as a matter of judicial restraint—which we discuss below—to adopt the interpretation that avoids judicial line-drawing in what is presumptively a matter for the legislative and executive branches of local government to address.
Courts must be careful to avoid substituting their own judgments for the judgments of the more politically responsive branches. Sloan v. State, 947 N.E.2d 917, 923 (Ind.2011); Fraley v. Minger, 829 N.E.2d 476, 492 (Ind.2005); Sanchez v. State, 749 N.E.2d 509, 516 (Ind.2001). This is especially so in redistricting cases. Such cases reflect a general hesitance of courts to step into what Justice Felix Frankfurter called the “political thicket” of legislative reapportionment. Colegrove v. Green, 328 U.S. 549, 556, 66 S.Ct. 1198, 90 L.Ed. 1432, reh'g denied,329 U.S. 825, 67 S.Ct. 118, 91 L.Ed. 701 (1946).
See Kingman Park Civic Ass'n v. Williams, 924 A.2d 979, 983–84 (D.C.2007) (stating, when discussing how to construe a redistricting statute, “we must always bear in mind the important principle that electoral redistricting is primarily the responsibility of the legislature and is not a judicial function”); In re Constitutionality of House Joint Resolution 25E, 863 So.2d 1176, 1178 (Fla.2003) (stating court would act with judicial restraint in reviewing legislative reapportionment plan “so as not to usurp primary responsibility for reapportionment, which rests with the Legislature”); Newbold v. Osser, 425 Pa. 478, 484, 230 A.2d 54, 57 (1967) (stating that in redistricting/reapportionment cases “courts have uniformly approached the granting of relief in this area with the greatest caution and an effort to minimize judicial interference with legislative prerogatives”).
Judicial restraint is also suggested in the structure of our Redistricting Statute and precedent applying it. The Redistricting Statute explicitly assigns the duty of dividing the County to the “legislative body.” And, by requiring that the division be made “by ordinance,” the statute implies an important role for the executive, as well. As the executive, a Mayor may approve or veto an ordinance; he or she must return a vetoed ordinance to the legislative body with a message stating his or her reasons for the veto, and that veto may be overridden by a two-thirds vote of the legislative body. SeeI.C. § 36–3–4–16 (2007 Replacement Vol.) The trial court's role, however, is contingent. The court becomes involved only “[i]f the legislative body fails to make the division before the date prescribed ... or the division is alleged to violate subsection (a) or other law” and a petition is filed asking the court to determine the matter; in that case, the court “may draw proper district boundaries if necessary.” I.C. § 36–3–4–3(d).
Eleven years ago, this Court issued a redistricting plan in Peterson, but judicial resolution was required by the facts of that case. Democratic Mayor Peterson vetoed a redistricting ordinance known as the “Borst Plan,” which was supported by the Council's Republican majority. The veto left the County's legislative and executive branches of government at loggerheads. No redistricting ordinance was enacted in 2002 ahead of the May 2003 primary election, and district-drawing by the judiciary was required to fill the void. See 786 N.E.2d at 670–71. Even so, we explained that we acted with “great reluctance” in “resolving th[e] politically-charged redistricting issue.” Id. at 678. We noted the need for courts to act “circumspectly” in such cases. Id. at 672 (quoting Connor v. Finch, 431 U.S. 407, 414–15, 97 S.Ct. 1828, 52 L.Ed.2d 465 (1977)). And we stressed that although we were providing a redistricting plan, the Council remained free, subject to a mayoral veto, to adopt a different plan if it could be done in time for the upcoming primary election. Id. at 678. Collectively, these passages reflect a preference for judicial restraint and deference to the political process.
In the present case, Ordinance 61 was approved by the Council and by Mayor Ballard, and it was formally adopted in 2012. SeeI.C. § 36–3–4–14(a). The trial court judges were divided on the question of whether Ordinance 61 constituted mandatory redistricting during 2012, but all five agreed that Ordinance 61 was lawfully enacted, having been signed into law by the Mayor on January 1, 2012. (App. at 213, 217–18.) While recognizing Ordinance 61 as mandatory redistricting is just one reasonable construction of the Redistricting Statute, we adopt it because it allows legislatively-adopted districts to remain in place and avoids the need for districts drawn by a court. This reasonable construction of the statute is consonant with judicial restraint and leaves redistricting in the hands of the two branches of local government responsible for that task in the first instance.
Finally, we note the disputed legal issue in this case has been one of timing, namely, whether the Council acted too early. The complaint does not allege that Ordinance 61 was substantively defective. That is, the complaint does not allege that Ordinance 61 failed to incorporate data from the 2010 census, nor does it allege that Ordinance 61's districts are not compact or that they cross precinct boundary lines or fail to contain, as nearly as is possible, equal population. SeeI.C. § 36–3–4–3(a). Today's decision upholds a redistricting ordinance whose substance is unchallenged in the complaint.
Conclusion
We reverse the trial court's order of final judgment and remand this cause to the trial court with instructions to grant summary judgment in favor of Mayor Ballard. We also reverse any order requiring Mayor Ballard to pay part of the cost of the master.