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In Ashburn v. Baker, supra, 256 Ga. at 510, this Court implicitly questioned the viability of an enforcement action other than through the UCCJA when it pretermitted the issue of whether the UCCJA provided the exclusive means of enforcement of child custody decrees against non-residents, or was merely cumulative of other judicially recognized enforcement methods.
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43771.
DECIDED DECEMBER 2, 1986.
Certiorari to the Court of Appeals of Georgia — 179 Ga. App. 757.
Karsman, Brooks, Painter Callaway, Kran Riddle, for appellant.
Miller, Simpson Tatum, John M. Tatum, J. Reid Williamson, for appellee.
This was an action filed in Georgia by the resident noncustodial father against the Florida-resident custodial mother, seeking to hold her in contempt of the visitation rights provisions of the parties' Georgia divorce decree. The complaint also sought to modify the visitation rights so as to allow the father's time to be extended to make up for visitation rights lost by reason of the mother's alleged violation of these provisions. The Court of Appeals reversed the holding of the trial court insofar as it held that the Georgia court had jurisdiction to determine the child-custody (visitation) issue, and the Court of Appeals held that the complaint should have been dismissed. Baker v. Ashburn, 179 Ga. App. 757 ( 347 S.E.2d 660) (1986). We granted certiorari to attempt to clarify the jurisdictional aspects of the case.
1. This court's order transferring to the Court of Appeals the application for interlocutory appeal made to this court in this case, provided in part that "inasmuch as this court no longer has jurisdiction over appeals involving child custody unless the appeal also involves a judgment for divorce and alimony, Carter v. Foster, 247 Ga. 26 ( 273 S.E.2d 614) (1981); Munday v. Munday, 243 Ga. 863 ( 257 S.E.2d 282) (1979), we do not have jurisdiction of this application under Art. VI, Sec. VI, Par. III (6) of our Constitution [i.e., "All divorce and alimony cases"]."
The Court of Appeals in Baker v. Ashburn, supra, p. 758, after tracing the legislative backdrop for our Munday decision, supra, held that, "since the Supreme Court transferred the application for interlocutory appeal made to that court in this case, it is clear that it does not involve an action for contempt for violation of the divorce decree, but must be considered an independent proceeding to change child custody." (Emphasis supplied.)
The Court of Appeals' conclusion, that the case does not involve an action for contempt for violation of the divorce decree, is apparently based on the assumption that this court has jurisdiction of actions for contempt for violations of any type of provisions of divorce decrees. However, this court having eschewed jurisdiction over appeals which involve child custody but not a judgment for divorce and alimony, and having held that the Court of Appeals has jurisdiction of such appeals ( Munday, supra) — it would be inconsistent for this court to retain jurisdiction of contempt actions involving the same situation of which we had held the Court of Appeals has jurisdiction. Hence, our transferral did not indicate that the case does not involve an action for contempt for violation of the divorce decree (which it does), but rather that jurisdiction over appeals involving child custody but not a judgment for divorce and alimony, carries with it jurisdiction over contempt actions in such circumstances. Thus, the appeal involved both an action for contempt for violation of the divorce decree and a proceeding to change child custody (visitation rights).
2. The Court of Appeals' analysis of the jurisdictional status of the visitation-modification petition led to the correct finding that jurisdiction in the case is controlled by the UCCJA (Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act; Ga. L. 1978, p. 258 et seq.; OCGA § 19-9-40 et seq.). However, its erroneous assumption, that the case does not also involve an action for contempt for violation of the divorce decree, precluded a specific holding as to the jurisdiction of that claim, although the holding that the complaint should have been dismissed would have the effect of adjudicating the trial court's lack of jurisdiction of that claim.
"`"The courts of this state have no extra-territorial jurisdiction, and cannot make the citizens of foreign states amenable to their process, or conclude them by a judgment in personam, without their consent. Dearing v. Bank of Charleston, 5 Ga. 497 (5); Gates v. Shaner, 208 Ga. 454 ( 67 S.E.2d 569), and cases cited." Slowik v. Knorr, 222 Ga. 669, 671 ( 151 S.E.2d 726).' Tuten v. Tuten, 227 Ga. 228 ( 180 S.E.2d 233). After citing the above authorities this court went on to say: 'Therefore, although the superior court rendering a decree in a divorce action retains exclusive jurisdiction to enforce the provisions therein relating to custody of the minor children of the parties by attachment for contempt, even where subsequent to the rendition of the order the party sought to be adjudged in contempt has removed his [or her] residence to another jurisdiction, nevertheless, in order for the court to bind nonresidents by its judgments in personam there must be personal service or waiver of personal service upon such nonresidents. Kirchman v. Kirchman, 212 Ga. 488, 492 ( 93 S.E.2d 685); Sternbergh v. McClure, 217 Ga. 278, 283 ( 122 S.E.2d 217); Connell v. Connell, 221 Ga. 379, 380 ( 144 S.E.2d 722); s.c., 222 Ga. 765 (1) ( 152 S.E.2d 567) (wherein the defendant was personally served); Ogletree v. Watson, 223 Ga. 618, 619 ( 157 S.E.2d 464) and cit. This requirement has not been changed by the enactment of the 1966 Civil Practice Act (Code Ann. Title 81A; Ga. L. 1966, p. 609 et seq.'" (Emphasis supplied.) Strauss v. Strauss, 231 Ga. 248, 249 ( 200 S.E.2d 878) (1973); Downey v. Downey, 250 Ga. 497 ( 299 S.E.2d 558) (1983). Although the cases requiring "personal service" do not specify that this must be personal service within Georgia, a close inspection of these cases reveals this to be the case. Thus, personal service outside Georgia here was not valid.
As the Court of Appeals noted in Baker, supra, the Georgia Long-Arm statute (OCGA § 9-10-91 (5)) would not give the Georgia court jurisdiction, because this was not a proceeding for "alimony, child support, or division of property in connection with an action for divorce or with respect to an independent action for support of dependents," so personal service outside Georgia would not give the Georgia court jurisdiction under OCGA § 9-10-94. See Lee v. Pace, 252 Ga. 546 (1) ( 315 S.E.2d 417) (1984).
Among the purposes of the UCCJA, supra, in addition to providing for modification of custody decrees of other states (OCGA § 19-9-54), is enforcement of custody decrees of other states (OCGA §§ 19-9-41 (a) (7); 19-9-55). "Although the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act is the last expression of the legislature, it does not expressly repeal any particular provisions of the Civil Practice Act, nor the existing statutory provisions covering divorce, custody, alimony, and child support procedures. Finding this to be true, we will consider the requirements of the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act in pari materia with the other applicable provisions of law pertinent thereto." Gambrell v. Gambrell, 246 Ga. 516, 517 ( 272 S.E.2d 70) (1980).
Pretermitting the question whether the UCCJA provides the exclusive procedure for enforcement of child-custody decrees against non-residents, or merely a cumulative procedure to the one recognized in Downey, supra, and cits., the Georgia court did not have jurisdiction under either procedure. Therefore, the Court of Appeals correctly held that the father's complaint should have been dismissed.
Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.